Principal rules of the Italian Grammer

 

 

 

Articles.

 

There be thre

Il Lo La,

of the masculine and neuter.   of the feminine.

 

The difference betwene Il, and Lo, is, that Il, is evermore used before that woord that beginneth with a consonant.

 

Il, as

Il maestro Il cielo Il duca Il cavallo

The master. The heaven. The Duke. The horse

 

And Lo, is used beefore those woordes that beginne with a vowell, or with S, and an other consonant, or with S, and V, in stede of a consonant, orels whereas per or messere goeth before the woord.

 

Lo		before a vowell: as,         before S, with an other consonant: as,   before S and V in steede of a consonant: as,     with per or messere: as,		Lo amore Lo odio Lo huomo				the love, the hate, the man.
				which in writyng is many times used on this wise.
				L’amore L’odio L’huomo Lo spirito Lo stormento   Lo sventurato Lo svisterato   Per lo capo Per lo cielo			the spirite the instrument the unhappie thunmesurable or bottomlesse. by the head by the heaven
				Messere lo podestà, master potestate

 

 

 

 

 

And Petrarke, and divers others, use many times Lo and Il indifferentlie before those wordes that are but of one onelie syllable.

 

as

Il mar Il ciel Il cuor

Lo mar Lo ciel Lo cuor

the See. the heaven. the hert.

 

Sometimes you shall finde el written, but that is not a simple article: for it is compouned of et and il.

as

L’Imperatore, el re sono insieme, The emperour and the kyng are togithers.

In steede of L’Imperatore, et il re.

 

The order howe to decline Il.

 

Singuler

Il Del Al Il Dal

the of the to the the of or from the

Plurel

I De i A i I Da i

the of the to the the of or from the

 

Here it is to be noted, howe these preposicions, di, de, a, and da, are to bee used, seeyng that all nownes are declined with them.

 

Di De   A Da

serve to the second case.     to the thirde. to the sixte.

 

But the use of them is diverse, therfore I will separately declare the maner of it.

Di, is alwaies used whan the first case of the nowne that foloweth, hath none article, or whan the bodie or membres ther of are mencioned, or whan also the nowne that goeth before the seconde case, hath none article.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Di,		Before nownes that have none article in the first case.     Whan the bodie or membres are mencioned.     Whan the word goyng before hath none article.		Di Pietro Di Bologna Di Lui Di Loro	of Peter. of Boloigne. of him. of them.
				La dama mi trasse il guanto di mano, The ladie brewe the glove of my hand. Et io L’annello di dito a lei, And I the ryng of hir finger. Alberto podestà di Massa, Albert potestate of Massa. Questo e fumo di paglia, This is smoke of strawe.

 

De, than is never used but with the article, or where the article should be.

 

De,		with the article: as,       where tharticle should be		Del campo Del reame De buoni De cattivi			of the field. of the realme. of the good. of the yll.
				in steede of		De i buoni. De i cattivi.

 

So that the difference betwene di, and de, is none other, but that di, is used without the article: as, di me, and not del me. And de, is used with the article: as del campo, and not di campo. And in the example before, of Alberto podestà di massa: If you had saied, Il podestà, than must della massa, have folowed, Il fumo della paglia.

A, unto the third case, et da, unto the sixt, serve for al rules.

 

A   Da

as

A Pietro Al campo Da Pietro Dal campo               and   in steede of

unto Peter. unto the field. of or from Peter. of or from the field.   A buoni Da buoni A i buoni Da i buoni

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foure other preposicions there be, that are necessarie to bee spoken of.

 

that is to saie

in ne con per

in in with by or through.

 

The difference betwene in and ne is, that in is used before those wordes that are put without article: And ne before those wordes that have tharticle, or that at least ought to have it.

 

as

In cielo In terra Nel fuoco Nel lacqua Ne miei travagli

In heaven in earth in the fyre in the water in my travailes.

                                        In steede of, ne, i miei travagli.

 

Con and per, comyng without tharticle, must stand hole, but comyng with tharticle they maie lose their last letter.

as

2

without tharticle     with tharticle

Con mio danno per interesse suo Col fuoco Pel freddo   in steede of

with my losse for his interest with the fyre through the colde. Con il fuoco Per lo freddo

 

And in this second example it is to be noted, that where the last letter of con or per is taken awaie, they maie stande, as it were without an article.

 

as		Co miei figliuoli Pe fatti loro         in steede of		with my children through their doyng
			Con i miei figliuoli Per gli fatti loro

 

And here it is to be noted, that moste commonly whereas any of these preposicions, de, a, da, or ne, commeth before tharticle lo, la, li, or le, they are ioygned togither, and written with a double ll.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as

Dell’huomo Alla donna Dall’arco Nella barca

of the man to the woman from the bowe in the bote

 

Howbeit in the first case of the plurell it is more commendable to write gli, then li.

 

as

degli huomini                        rather then delli huomini.

 

The order howe to decline Lo.

 

Singuler

Lo Dello Allo Lo Dallo

the of the to the the of or from the

Plu.

Gli degli Agli Gli Dagli

the of the to the the of or from the

 

Many there have been aswell poetes as others, that have used li, but more unto lo, then unto il: howebeit at these dayes the best writers use it neither in the one nor other.

And looke also howe you take awaie the vowell of lo in the singuler, even so must you doe unto gli in the plurell.

 

as

gl’amori gl’odij gl’huomini

the loves the hates the men

 

The order howe to decline La.

 

Singuler

La Della Alla La Dalla

the of the to the the of or from the

Plu.

Le Delle Alle Le Dalle

the of the to the the of or from the

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

And whan the same article happeneth to come before a word beginnyng with a vowell, than loseth it his vowell in the same maner that lo dooeth.

 

as

L’herba L’acqua L’herbe L’acque

the grasse. the water. the herbes. the waters.

 

This letter h, beying none other but a certein aspiracion, is none impediment betwene one vowell and an other.

Many times when the word beginneth with in, or with im, the woord loseth his vowell, and not the article,

 

as   in steede of

La’ nvidia Lo’ mmortale La invidia Lo immortale

the envie. the immortall.

 

And sometimes there are left out both the vowel of the article, and the vowell of the nowne, or of the pronounes lo, and la, put in stede of lui, or lei, and in place of both the vowelles, an e put betwene.

 

as

L’envogliare L’envio L’empio

in stede of

la invogliare lo invio lo impio

 

Finallie it is to be noted, that although I have geven unto these articles before rehearsed, none other Englishe but onely the,

 

as

Il naso L’anima Lo’ ntelletto

the nose. the sowle. the understandyng.

 

Yet have they other significacions, whan in a sentence they happen to stande by them selfes, referryng a thyng spoken of beefore, in whiche case, il and lo, signifie him or it, and la, hir or it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as

il   lo   lo   la

Non te’l dissi io? Did not I tell it the? Pur, non haveva commodita di farlo, Ye, but I wanted meane to doe it. Lo voglio ben castigare io, I will well correct him. Che’mporta? non la lastiera mai, What booteth it? he will never forgoe hir.

 

For whersoever you finde lo, for him, or la, for hir, you must understande, that they are put in steede of lui and lei, lyke as li and le, are many times used in the plurell, in steede of loro, as hereafter in the pronoune egli, more plainely it appeareth.

 

Nowne.

 

The nownes are divided in two, that is to wete, the substantive and the adiective, and are of two kyndes onely, masculine, and feminine: for the newter in the singuler numbre, is comprehended of the masculine.

The nownes of the masculine, for the more parte dooe ende in o, or in e, in the singuler numbre.

 

as

Prete zoppo

a priest. lame.

 

Some there be that ende in i, but either they are proper names: as, Giovanni, or names of families: as, Neri, Geri, Rineri, and suche other. And some ende in a, but lightly they be names of offices, of craftes, of families, or suche other.

And finallie in u, there endeth no more but the pronowne, tu, thou, and Gru, a Crane.

Nowe it is to be noted, that the nownes have but one maner of endyng in the singuler numbre, and an other in the plurel: and are knowen in their cases none otherwyse but by the articles

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

that go before them: wherfore, havyng once founde the endyng of a nowne in his singuler numbre, the rest is easilie obteigned.

For that nowne that in the singuler numbre endeth in o, in the plurell endeth in i.

 

as

Huomo Huomini

a man men.

 

And they bee all of the masculine gendre, except onely la mano, the hande, whiche neverthelesse in the plurell numbre maketh le mani.

And that nowne that in the singuler endeth in e, in the plurell endeth also in i.

 

as

Il prete I preti

the priest the priestes

 

Fewe nownes there be that in the singuler ende in i, except it be Giovanni, and suche other propre names, whiche also in the plurell ende likewise in i. For as for the names of families, though well they maie be used singulerly, yet do they alwaies referre a more numbre: as, Neri, Geri, and those others.

And they that ende in a, likewise in the plurel ende in i. So that in effect al nownes that be of the masculine gendre, wherin so ever they ende in the singuler, in the plurell they muste ende in i only. Except certaine of those that ende in o, and certain others that in the singuler numbre have two names of endynges: besides a fewe others, that do ende in bothe numbres alike, with one of the other foure vowelles, as hereafter more particulerlie it foloweth.

Some there be of them that in the singuler ende in o, and in the plurell ende bothe in i, and in a.

 

2   as

Il dito I diti, Le dita

the finger.   the fingers.

 

Of whiche rule I finde these nownes folowyng.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as

Dito Ciglio Riso Castello Strido Pugno Quadrello Sacco Braccio Legno Peccato Labbro Filo Vestimento Annello Coltello Frutto Letto Lenzuolo

a finger. the eie lidde. laughter. a castell. a criyng. a fiste. the quarell of acrossebowe. a bagge. an arme. woodde. sinne. a lyppe. threede. a garment. a ryng. a knife. fruicte. a bedde. a sheete.

Here is to bee noted, that albeit these nownes are in the plurell used in i, and in a, indifferentlie: yet the good Tuscane in prose useth the endyng in a onely with le the feminine article, notwithstandyng that they be in verie dede of the newter gender.

 

These other ende in i, in e, and in a.

Membro Corno Osso Muro Vestigio Calcagno Ginocchio

a membre an horne a bone a wall a steppe the heele the knee.

as

membri membre membra.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

and these other in i and in ora.

campo prato lato ramo arco orto luogo borgo fico grado corpo tempo.

a feelde. a medowe. a syde. a boowe of a tree. a bowe. a gardein a place. a suburbes. a figge. a greese or degree. a bodie. time.

as

campi campora

 

But the endyng in ora, is nowe out of use.

And some there be that in the singuler ende as well in a, as in o, whiche therfore in the plurel numbre end both in e et in i.

 

as

L’orecchio L’orecchia gl’orecchi L’orecchie

the eare.     the eares.

 

 Of whiche rule I finde these nownes folowyng.

 

as

orecchia bisogna loda dimanda scritta lampa chiostra oliva vela candela cerchia aita preghiera puzza pezza

an eare. neede. prayse. request. a writyng. the brightnesse. a cloyster. an olive. a sayle. a candell. a cercle. helpe. praier. stynche. a peece.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Some other in the singuler ende bothe in e and in a, and in the plurell ende but in e onely.

 

as

Il gregge La greggia gregge,

the heard or flocke   heardes or flockes.

 

And some (though but fewe) that in the singuler ende but in e onely: in the plurell ende bothe in e and in i.

 

as

Il fine La fine I fini Le fine

the ende   the endes.

 

And some other that in bothe numbres ende in e.

 

as

La specie Le specie

the spice. the spices.

 

Dante hath written, la consorte, le consorte, though well it seemeth not to folowe the rule.

But speciallie those nownes, that ende in any of the vowels, (their last syllable beyng taken from them) and have a certein accent or sharpenesse in the pronouncyng of the last letter, doe most commonly ende in bothe numbres alyke.

 

as of		a,   e,   i   o   u		La qualità Le qualità Il piè I piè	the qualitie the qualities. the foote the feete.
				there is enough saied before of him,   there be very fewe founde.
				La vertù Le vertù	the vertue the vertues.

 

As for the letter u, seeyng it hath no more but Tŭ, whiche hath no plurell, and Grŭ, that in bothe numbres endeth alyke, we shall not neede muche to bee troubled withall. For though we fynde Vertŭ or Virtŭ written, yet because the full woorde is Vertute, therfore the endyng of it, and of all suche other in u, maketh nothyng against this rule.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

But nowe specially it is to be noted, that though I have all this while seemed to reason of the nownes of the masculine gender onely: Yet, for as muche as in this tongue, the articles are they that make the diversitee beetwene the masculine and feminine, therfore in those places here before, whereas La, is founde in the singuler, or Le, in the plurell, you muste understande the feminine gender.

And mervaile not, to finde one selfe nowne, of two diverse gendres: for the gender goeth not by the nature of the woorde, but by the endyng of the voice in bothe numbres.

 

as

Il pezzo La pezza I pezzi Le pezze

the peece     the peeces,

 

Wherfore to treate nowe specially of the feminine: you shall understande, that all nownes of the feminine in the singuler numbre ende either in a, or in e.

 

as

La donna Le Cittate

the woman the citie

 

Except some: as, Dido, Saffo, or suche other, whiche in effecte are not properly of the Italian tongue.

And note well also those, from whom they use to take away their last syllable.

 

as		La città Le dignità			the citie the dignitie.
in steede of				La cittade Le dignitate

 

For in that case they ende in bothe numbres alike, as in the generall rule it is before mencioned: neverthelesse their principalles, Cittate and dignitate, folowyng the common rule, make in the plurell Cittati and Dignitati. etc.

For all they that in the singuler ende in e, in the plurel dooe ende in i.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as

La matre Le matri

the mother. the mothers.

 

And all they that in the singuler ende in a, in the plurell do ende in e.

 

as

la donzella le donzelle

the maiden the maidens

 

And some there be, that in the singuler numbre endyng bothe in a and in e, in the plurell numbre do end both in e and in i.

 

as

Ala Ale Ale Ali

a whynge.     whynges

 

Of whiche rule, I finde these nownes folowyng.

as

Ala Fronda Loda froda Canzona Arma Calla

a whynge the boowe of a tree prayse deceipt a songe. a weapon a narowe lane or waie.

 

One other thyng in these nounes of the feminine is to be noted: whiche is, that the good poetes use many times in stede of Cittate, dignitate, bontate, and suche others, to write Cittade, dignitade, bontade, and so foorthe.

The nowne adiectives, of the masculine ende in o in the singuler numbre, and in i in the plurell.

 

as

buono guanto buoni guanti

a good glove good gloves.

 

And they of the feminine, in the singuler ende in a, and in the plurell in e.

 

as

cara cosa care cose

a deere thyng deere thynges.

 

But some there bee that ende in e in the singuler, and servyng bothe masculine and feminine, end also in i in the plurel.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as		Dolce marito Dolce sposa	sweete husbande. sweete espouse or wife.
and		Dolci mariti Dolci spose	sweete husbandes sweete espouses.

 

And some also there be that ende alyke in bothe numbres.

 

as

Pari Pari

matche or equall. matches or equall.

Singuler. Plurell.

 

Besides the nownes of numbre, whiche kepe the same rule.

 

as

Due or Duo in verse, tre quattro cinque sei sette otto nove dieci, or diece, aunciently used

twoo three foure five sixe seven eight nine ten.

 

All nounes that in the latine tongue encrease in their second case more than that they be in the first.

 

as

Virgo, amor, honos, margo, genus,

Virginis. amoris. honoris. marginis. generis, and suche other: In the

 Italian tonge thei kepe in maner the sixt case.

 

as

Vergine amore honore margine genere

a virgin. love. honour. the margent. the kynde. etc.

 

Neverthelesse, Dante hath used Grando, for grandine, and Petrarke, Pondo, for pondere, and Boccace also, Spirante turbo, for turbîne: lyke as many good poetes sometymes use, Imago and Image, for Imagine.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

And those nownes that ende in ro, many times may well be chaunged into the endyng in re.

 

 

as

Pensiero, pensiere, Sentiero, sentiere, Cavagliero, cavagliere, Destriero destriere, Scolaro, scolare, Cinghiaro cinghiare, and other suche.

the thought a pathe. a knight. a courser. a scoler. a wilde boore.

 

Moreover writers doe use many tymes in those wordes that ende in lo, le, ro, re, no, ne, and in one case of mo, to take away the last vowell,

 

as

lo, solo, sol,   le, quale, qual, ro, sentiero, sentier,   re, mare, mar,   no, buono, buon, ne, bene, ben, mo, huomo, huom.

onely the whiche

bothe masculine et feminine   a pathe. the See. good. well. a man.

 

And this is used bothe singuler and plurell, savyng that Sol, can not serve for soli in the plurell.

 

nor

fier, for fiero, leggier, for leggieri, Signor, for signori, Peregrin, for peregrini,

fierce light lordes pylgrimes

except it be in verse.

 

In these wordes Santo, grande, and prode, they also many times use to leave out the last syllable.

 

as

San, for santo Gran, for grande Pro, for prode

holy great good or worthe.

 

And somtymes for the participles derivated of the verbes of the first coniugacion, they use the worde of the present tense of the indicative of the verbe.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as

Sgombrò for sgombrato Pagò for pagato

advoided, or vushadowed paied.

 

And though in the declinyng of nownes, I use but five cases, yet you must consider that the vocative case, that is to saie, the fifth case, is alwaies understande, so that speakyng of the cases, they be ever sixe in numbre.

 

Pronowne.

 

singuler		Io, and I di me a me me da me	in verse } I of me to me me of or from me,		plu		noi di noi a noi noi da noi	we of us to us us of or from us
singuler		tu di te a te te da te	thou of the to the the of or from the.		Plu.	2	voi di voi a voi voi da voi	you of you to you you of or from you

 

2                                 singuler and plurell.	2	Se, hath no nominative case.
		di se a se se da se	of him, hir, or them. to him, or hir, or them. him, or hir, or them. of or from him, hir, or them.

 

Many tymes for more efficacie it hath stesso ioigned unto it, as in the

 

Singuler.

di se stesso, di se stessa,

of him self of hir self

Plu

di se stessi di se stesse

of them selfes.

 

These pronownes in the thirde case, and sometymes in the fowerth, are used to be chaunged into these syllables folowing.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as in the

singuler.       plurel.

mi, ti, si, ne, ci, ce,   vi, ve,

in stede of     in stede of     in stede of

me, te, se,   noi.     voi.

 

But here it is to be noted, that mi, ti, si, are never used, but whan they come next before, or next after the verbe: and whan they folowe the verbe, than are they ioigned unto it and made one woord.

 

as			Io mi voglio lavare, Ti dono questo annello, Egli si rovinerà, Vŭoi tu darmi quella cosa, Non posso darti tanto,	I will washe me. I geve the this ryng. He will undoe him selfe. Will thou geve me that thing. I can not geve the so muche.
			egli si e affaticato molto a farsi grande			he hath travailed sore to become great.

 

And this is used, whan these pronounes are put with the verbe alone, and that there is nothyng before nor after, that shoulde governe them. For whan so ever they are governed of any other woord, or that any woord cometh betwene them and the verbe, than ende they alwaies in e.

 

as

Egli disse così a me, Io te la darò, La vŭole per se,

he telled me so. I will geve hir unto the. he will have hir him self.

 

And me, te, may also be used nexte the verbe, in case it have the accent upon it, for cause of vehemence.

 

as

Io dissi tè havere meritato il premio,      I said, that thou deservedst the rewarde.

 

And besides this, many times the poetes in verse dooe write, amarme, vederme, amarse, vederse, and suche other: but it serveth only for makyng of their ryme, in the whiche seldome or never

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

shalte thou finde te so used: as, Amarte, vederste, or anie suche.

Nowe it is to be noted, that whan any twoo, of these three, mi, ti, si, come togither before or after the verbe, they must kepe their order, mi, before ti, and ti, before si.

as		Io mi ti dono Ella ti si fe incontro Il suono incommincia A farmisi sentire Io son contento di Darmiti prigione		I geve my selfe unto the. She came against the The sowne beginneth to make me here. I am contented to yelde my selfe thy prisoner.
		And not dartimi or farsimi.

 

In one case mi, ti, and those others are used, whan betwene the verbe and it there happeneth the article: but that is whan the verbe, the article, and it, are all thre ioigned in one woord.

 

as		Datelami Dirolloti	geve me hir. I will tell it the.
		Farolleti, darolleti, and suche other.

 

But whan in the like case, the pronowne is put betwene the verbe and the article, than endeth it alwaies in e.

 

as		Datemela Dirottelo	geve me hir. I will tell it the.
		Farottela, darottela, and suche other.

 

And marke well here, that whan any of those pronownes or articles are governed of a verbe, that endeth sharpely with an accent,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as		Those of the preter tense of thindicative mode of the first coniugacion in the thirde person of the singuler numbre.
		as		trovò amò	he hath founde. he hath loved.
		And those of the same mode and tense of the. iiii. coniugacion, in the first et third persones of the singuler numbre.
		as		io udi egli udi	I have heard. he hath heard.
		They also of the same mode and tense, that in the firste person ende in two vowelles.
		as		io perdei egli perdè io potei egli potè	I have lost. he hath lost. I might. he might.
		All the future tenses of the indicative modes.
		as		amerò leggerà udiro and suche other.	I shall or will love. he shall or will reade. I shall or will heare.
		And the imperative modes of one syllable.
		as		da fa	give thou. doe thou.

 

So that the verbe be hole without lackyng any lettre, and have (as I have saied) the accent of the last lettre sharpe, than shall the pronowne or article folowing double his first lettre.

 

as		trovòunni amor del tutto disarmato, Love found me cleane unarmed.
		amòlla come la vita udìllo,                       I have heard him, perdètte cinque scudi fàmmi questo piacere farotti, udirollo, dammi, favvi,	he loved hir as his life. or he hath heard him. he lost five crownes. do me this pleasure. and suche other.

 

Petrarke hath written, piovommi for piovonomi, and Istúsilla for Istŭsinola: like as Boccace hath also said, vogliommi bene, for voglionomi bene,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

As for ne, ci, and cè, in steede of noi.

 

as	2	Ne, Ci, Cè,	is more used in verse then in prose. in prose is common. verse seldome used, except that whan ne cometh withall.
		Ce ne fai troppo torto, Thou doest us to muche wronge.

 

For whan so ever ne commeth with any of these, me, te, se, ce, or ve, than must they all ende in e, and not in i.

 

as

Me ne dolse, Te ne diede, Se ne rise, Ve ne stiolse,

it grieved me. he gave the. he laughed. he loosed you.

 

Vi, and ve, are used in steede of voi, in like maner as ci, and ce, for noi.

 

Singu.

Egli Ello, Ei E Esso Desso Di lui Desso a lui Lui Da lui

seldome used           of him           to him.         him.         of or from him

be

plurell.

Egli Ei Eglino   di loro dessi   a loro   loro da loro,

they.       of them     to them.   them. of or from (them.

 

Some write elli in the singuler numbre, and ellino in the plurell numbre: but 1,3 cmthe best writers use it not.

And here it is to be noted, that these wordes Egli, and e, are not alwaies pronownes. For many tymes they are used in the beginnyng or middest of a sentence, for onely eloquence.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as

Egli non e stato g[u]ari tempo, It is not long a gone. Che in Londra egl’era un valent’huomo, Since in London there was a valiant man. Egli è ben vero, It is well true. è, non mi abbandonare per sì poca cosa, Forsake me not for so littell a thyng.

 

Sin

Ella Essa Dessa Di lei Dessa A lei Lei Da lei

She.     of hir.   to hir hir of or from hir

plu.

Elle Elleno Esse Di loro Desse A loro Loro Da loro,

2

they.     of them   to them. them of or from them.

 

These articles, il, lo, la, gli, li, le, are used in steede of these pronownes diversly on this wise, il and lo, to the fourth case of the masculine, the singuler numbre.

 

Il Lo

2

as

Io te’l dono, Lo accetto di gratia,

I geve him the. I accept him thankfully

 

La, to the same case of the feminine.

 

as

Presela per mano,

He toke her by the hande.

 

gli, to the thirde, and fourthe case of the masculine.

 

as

2

Dategli la spada, Governategli bene,

geve the sweard unto him. governe them well.

 

Li, and le, to the thirde case in steede of allŭi, allei, or alloro.

 

as

2

masculine feminine

Le diede, Diedeli Diedele

he gave unto him or her.   he gave unto them.

And marke well that in this case, these articles are put alwaies next before, or nexte after the verbe.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Singuler

Quegli Quelli Quello

in the firste case.

he.

plu       quelle,

quegli quelli

they in al cases

quei, in verse, que, in prose,

Quello, in all the other cases.

ar somtimes used   they.

Quella            she,

 

sin.		Colui Colei	he she		plu.		Coloro,	they
							of both gendres.

 

Sin.

Questi questo questo, other cases. questa

in the first case in all the

this he     this she.

plu

questi, these thei     queste, these they.

 

sin.   sin.	2	Costŭi Costei Cotesto Cotesta	this he this she. this he this she.		plu.     plu.		costoro,	questi, these they
							of bothe gendres.
							cotesti coteste		these they.

 

Sin.

Esto

this he, used onely in verse.

 

Sing.

Cio,       this,

referryng most commonly a sentence or thyng spoken of before.

 

as

Di cio non me ne accorsi, I was not aware of this.

 

And note well, that costŭi and cotesto, with their other gendres are not used, but in mencionyng the person or thyng that standeth in presence besides the hearer. And you must also consider, that where as I mencion he, or she, they stand for none other, but in steede of the masculine or feminine that the pronowne referreth.

 

as

Questo huomo Questa donna

this man. this woman.

 

And that all these pronownes that I have not particulerly declined, doe ende in all cases alyke.

Moreover this syllable sta, is sometime used in stede of questa, though well it be but unto thre nownes onely.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

as

sta mane stasera sta notte

this moarnyng. this evenyng. this night.

 

 

sin.		Altri Altro	of the first case	other he.		pl.		Altri, the first case			others
		D’altro  D’altrŭi	of all thother cases	of other him.
		altra	the first case	other she.		pl.		Altre the first case			others
		D’altra  D’altrŭi	in all thother cases	of other she.
								altri altrŭi		in al thother cases

 

But beware that you faile not to geve unto every case his due preposicion.

And note well, that these pronounes, egli, qŭelli, qŭegli, qŭesti, cotesti, altri, in the first case, and altrŭi in all the other cases, may be used by them selfes, without their substantives: as,

Egli e bŭono.                   he is good.

And many tymes comprehendeth the feminine.

 

as

Altri sò, che n’havrà piú di me doglia. I know other that shal sorowe more than I.

 

All the rest are to be used with their substantives, and none otherwise.

 

as

Altr’huomo quella cosa

an other man. that thyng,

and so forth.

 

sin.

Egli stessi esso stesso quel medesimo,

in the firste case.

he the same.   she the same.

pl.

stessi quelli medesimi

the first case.

esso lui, in thother cases

they the same.

ella stessa quella medesima

the. i.  case.

pl.

elle stesse quelle medesime

the first case, thei the same

esso lei, in thother cases

 

And esso loro in all the other cases bothe masculine and feminine.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Niuno Nullo Nessuno

none he

Niuna Nulla Nessuna.

none she.

 

And sometymes they are used in steede of Alcuno: as,

Non c’è niuno,                          here is not one.

But Nessuno is more used in verse then in prose, because it is fuller in the voice than the others are.

 

Chi? spoken interrogatively, signifieth: Who?

But spoken otherwise: it signifieth,                                   and sometyme

he the whiche. she the whiche. that that.

and serveth for all cases both singuler and plurell.

 

Che, in all thynges doeth the lyke, savyng that used interrogatively, it signifieth: What? and that sometimes it hath il ioigned unto it: as, ilche, the whiche.

And though Chi and Che dooe serve them selfes for all cases: yet in their oblique cases, that is to saie, in all cases (the first excepted) they are served also of cui.

 

as

Di cui A cui Da cui

of whom. to whom. from whom. etc.

 

Sing.

Quale,

whiche.

plu.

Quali Quai

whiche.

 

But quale is seldome used without an article.

 

Sing.

as,

Il quale Lo quale La quale

plurell.

Iquali, or iquai. Liquali, or liquai Lequali, or lequai

 

Alcuno Veruno Qualche

2       any one he.   some one.

Alcuna Veruna

any one she

 

Chiunque Chichi Cheunque Cheche Qualunque

who or what so ever he     who or what so ever she

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

And like as it hath been saied, that egli, altri, and thoseothers, maie stande by them selfes without their substantives: so also maie chiunque, chichi, cheunque, and cheche: as,

chiunque si sia,                  whoso ever he be. etc.

 

Ciascuno Ciascheduno

every one he.

ciascuna ciascheduna

every one she

 

Verbe.

 

The verbes have foure maner of coniugacions whiche are easilie knowen by their infinitive modes: for thei of the first ende in are: as Amare to love. They of the seconde and thirde in ere: as vedere, to see, and leggere, to reade and they of the fourthe in ire: as udire, to heare.

And because the seconde and thirde ende both in ere, therefore it behoveth to know this difference betwene them, that the verbes of the seconde coniugacion have there laste syllable save one, longe, whereas they of the thirde have it shorte.

 

Of the first coniugacion.

 

The indicative mode.

 

present    tense.

Io amo Tu ami Egli ama Noi amiamo Voi amate Quegli amano

I love. thou lovest. he loveth. we love. you love. thei love.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

preter=          imper=          fect tens

Io amava Tu amavi Egli amava Noi amavamo Voi amavate Quegli amavano

I loved. thou lovedst. he loved. we loved. you loved. they loved.

 

preter=           perfect           tense

io   tu   egli   noi   voi   quegli

amai ho amato amasti hai amato amò ha amato amammo habbiamo amato amaste havete amato amarono hanno amato

I have loved.   thou hast loved.   he hath loved.   we have loved.   you have loved.   they have loved.

 

The difference betwene amai, and ho amato is, that the first referreth long tyme passed, and the other lesse tyme.

 

as

amai ho amato

I have loved tenne yeres agoe. I have loved. xii. monethes agoe.

 

And so in the like of all other verbes.

And somtimes they use to take awaie the last lettre i, from the first person of the singuler numbre, whan there foloweth a worde that is governed of the same verbe.

 

as

deliberami, in steede of deliberáimi. I have determined.

 

Moreover this woord amato never chaungeth as longe as it

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

is governed of the verbe: but whan it is governed of other, than doeth it chaunge bothe gendre and numbre, amata, amati, amate, as the substantive requireth.

 

as

L’amata donna, non volsesi consentire The beloved woman, would not consent unto him.

             And so doeth the participle of al other verbes etc.

 

Preter=    pluper=    fect tens

2

io tu egli noi voi quegli

haveva amato havevi amato haveva amato havevamo amato havevate amato havevano amato

I had loved. thou hadst loved. be had loved. we had loved. you had loved. they had loved.

 

Future      tense.

2

io tu egli noi voi quegli

ameró amerai amera ameremo amerete ameranno

I shall or will love. thou shalt or wilte love. he shall or will love. we shall or will love. you shall or will love. they shall or will love.

 

And note here, that in steede of amerò, I will love: and of the like future tense generally of all verbes, the Italian useth muche, the infinitive mode with the verbe voglio, I will, before it.

 

as	2	2	io tu egli noi voi quegli		voglio amare vuoi amare vuole amare volemo amare volete amare vogliono amare	I will love, thou wilt love he will love we will love. you will love they will love.
			io		voglio vedere voglio leggere voglio udire	I will see I will reade I will heare.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The imperative mode.

 

present  tense.

Ama tu Amate voi Non amare

love thou. love you. love not thou.                                   For in

forbiddyng they use evermore thinfinitive with non in stede of the singuler numbre.

 

future     tense.

Amerai tu Amerete voi

love thou hereafter. love you hereafter.

 

The optative mode.

 

present tense.   seldome used.

2

Amassi io Amassi tu amasse quello amassimo noi amaste voi amassero amassono

quegli

I would I loved. I would thou lovedst I would he loved. I would we loved. I would you loved.   I would thei loved.

 

And though some grammarian maie thinke I have erred, because in the present tense of the optative mode, I use not this Englishe, I woulde I love: Yet because I professe not the arte of grammer, and that I can scarcely fynde anie reason in suche englishe: I dooe not onely forbeare it, but also holde my selfe excused.

 

preter= perfecte tense

2

Havessi io amato havessi tu amato havesse egli amato havessimo noi amato haveste voi amato havessero quegli amato

I wolde I had loved. I wolde thou haddest loved. I wolde he had loved. I wolde we had loved. I wolde you had loved. I wolde thei had loved.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The potenciall mode is not used amongest the Italians, but in stede thereof thei use this.

 

present tense.

2

Ami io Ami tu Ami quello Amiamo noi Amiate voi Amino quegli

I may or can love. thou maiest or canst love be maie or can love. we may or can love. you may or can love. thei maie or can love.

 

The subiunctive mode,

 

present tense.	2	Che                     Se.	2	Io ami Tu ami Quello ami Noi amiamo Voi amiate Quegli amino			that I love that thou lovest that he love that we love that you love that thei love
				io   tu   quello   noi   voi   quegli		amassi                  amerei ameria in verse. amassi               amaresti amasse amarebbe amassimo ameremmo amaste amareste amassero amarebbono ameriano in verse.	If I loved     if thou loveddest   If he loved   if we loved   if you loved     if thei loved

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

preter tense.		Che                 Se.		io tu quello noi voi quegli	habbia amato habbi amato habbia mato habbiamo amato, habbiate amato habbiano amato		that I have or had loved that thou hast or haddest loved. that he hath or had loved. that we have or had loved. that you have or had loved. that they have or had loved.
				io   tu   quello   noi   voi   quegli		havessi haverei havessi haveresti havesse haverebbe havessimo haberemmo haveste havereste havessero haverebbono	amato,   amato,   amato,   amato,   amato,   amato,	If I have or had loved. If thou haste or haddest loved. If he hath or had loved. If we have or had loved. If you have or had loved. If they have or had loved.

 

Future tense

2

io tu quello noi voi quegli

haverò amato haverai amato havera amato haveremo amato haverete amato haveranno amato

I shall have loved. thou shalt have loved. he shall have loved. we shall have loved. you shall have loved. they shal have loved.

 

The infinitive mode.

 

Present tense, Preter tense,

Amare, havere amato,

to love. to have loved.

 

Future tense.

2

essere per amare essere ad amare

2

to be to love.

 

Some verbes there be of this first coniugacion, that in some places varie from this rule.

 

as

dare stare fare

to geve. to stande. to doe.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

whiche in the first person of their preter tense singuler do make

 

diedi, feci, stetti

die, diei, not Tuscane fei in verse.

 

in the seconde person singuler

desti facesti, stesti

and fe, somtime in the. iii. person.

 

in the thirde person plurall

diederò, denno, fecerò, stetterò

 

in the subiunctive mode

dia faccia stia

 

And besides that, double the letter n, in these wordes.

danno fanno stanno

 

Of the seconde coniugacion.

 

The indicative mode,

 

present tense.

Io veggio tu vedi quello vede noi veggiamo voi vedete quegli veggono

I see, thou seest, he seeth, we see, you see, they see,

 

Preter imperfect tens

io   tu   quello   noi voi   quegli

vedeva vedea vedevi vedeva vedea vedevamo vedevate vedevano vedeno

I did see.   thou diddest see.   he did see   we did see. you did see.   they did see.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preter=    perfect    tense.

io   tu     quello   noi   voi   quegli

Vidi ho vedúto Vedesti hai vedúto Vedestú? Vide ha vedŭto Vedemmo habbiamovedŭto Vedeste havete vedŭto Viderò hanno vedŭto

I have seen.   thou hast seen.   hast thou seen.   he hath seen.   we have seen.   you have seen.   they have seen.

 

preter=   pluper=   fect tens

2

io tu quello noi voi quegli

haveva vedŭto havevi vedŭto haveva vedŭto havevamo vedŭto havevate vedŭto havevano vedŭto,

I had seen. thou haddest seen. he had seen. they had seen. you had seen. they had seen.

 

Future     tense.

io   tu   quello   noi   voi   quegli.

Vederò Vedrò Vederai Vedrai Vederà Vedrà Vederemo Vedremo Vederete Vedrete Vederaimo Vedraimo

I shall or will see   thou shalte or wilte see   he shall or will see   we shall or will see.   you shall or will see   they shall or will see.

 

Io voglio vedere, I will see. etc. Like as it hath been saied in Amare

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The imperative mode.

 

Presente       tense.            Future          tense.

vedi tu vedete voi non vedere vedrai tu vedrete voi

see thou. see you. see not thou. see thou hereafter see you hereafter.

 

The optative mode.

 

Presente   tense.

2

vedessi io vedessi tu vedesse quello vedessimo noi vedeste voi vedessero vedessono

quegli

I wolde I did see. I would thou diddest see. I wolde he did see. I wolde we did see. I woulde you did see.   I wolde thei did see.

 

Preterper=    fect tense

havessi io vedúto havessi tu vedŭto havesse quello vedŭto havessimo noi vedŭto haveste voi vedŭto havessero quegli veduto

I wolde I had seen. I woulde thou hadst seen. I wolde he had seen. I wolde we had seen. I wolde you had seen. I wolde thei had seen.

 

The potenciall mode.

 

Presente       tense

veggia io veggia tu veggia veggi vegga veggiamo noi veggiate voi veggiano veggano

quello       quegli

I maie or can see. thou maiest or canst see.   he maie or can see.   we maie or can see. you maie or can see. thei maie or can see.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The subiunctive mode.

 

Presente  tense.		Che                     Se.		io tu   quello   noi voi   quegli		veggia veggia veggia veggi vegga veggiamo veggiate veggiano veggano		that I see. that thou see.   that he see.   that we see. that you see.   that they see.
				io   tu   quello   noi   voi   quegli		vedessi vederei vederia, in verse. vedessi vederesti vedesse vederebbe vedessimo vederemmo vedeste vedereste vedessero vederebbono vederiano, in verse		If I did see.     if thou diddest see.   If he did see.   if we did see,   if you did see.     if they did see.

 

Preter          tense.		Che io habbia veduto,				that I have or had seeen.
		Se io	2	havessi haverei	veduto,	If I have or had seen.
		And so foorthe in the rest of the personnes and numbres, as you see in the subiunctive of amo.

 

Future          tense

2

io haverò veduto, And so forthe, like as in amo.

I shall have seen.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Te infinitive mode.

 

Present tense Preter tense.   Future tense.		vedere,   havere veduto		to see. to have seen.   to be to see.
	2	essere per vedere essere a vedere	2

 

Some verbes there be of this seconde coniugacion, that folowe not the rule in some places.

 

as

potere volere tenere sapere parere offerere tacere valere dolere cadere havere bere temere dovere godere capere provedere

to maie or can. to will. to holde. to knowe. to seeme. to offer. to be still. to be worthe. to grieve. to fall. to have. to drinke. to feare. to beseeme. to enioye. to take or receive. to provide.

 

Potere.

in the first tense of the first mode maketh         In the preter tense of the same mode   And in the Subiunctive mode.

io posso tu pŭoi quello pŭo   quegli   io potei quello puote   che io possa se io potrei

possono ponno, in verse.

I may. thou maiest. he maie.   they may.   I might. he might.   that I maie. If I might.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Volere		maketh in the firste mode		Presente tense   Preter tense,   Future tense	2	io voglio tu vuoi quello vŭole   volli volsi   vorrò   voglia vorrei.		noi vogliamo voi volete
								quegli		volono vogliono
		and in the Subiunctive mode.

 

Tenere

maketh in the preter tense of the first mode

2

tenni.

in the subiunctive mode.

tenga. tegnia

 

Sapere		in the firste mode.           in the imperative mode.		Presente tense.   Preter tense. future tense.		io so tu sai quello sa seppi saprò		noi sappiamo voi sapete quegli sanno.
			2	sappi	in the subiunctive mode.			sappia, saprei.

 

Parere

in the first mode.         in the subiunctive mode.

Presente tense.   Preter tense    paia  para

quegli parvono     parvi parsi in verse.

 

Offerere,		in the preter tense maketh						offersi.
Tacere Giacere Dolere Valere Cadere		in their preter tences.		tacqui giacqui dolsi volsi caddi		in their subiunctive modes		taccia giaccia doglia vaglia

 

 

havere

in the first mode the preter tense,   in the imperative mode.

hebbi   habbi

the other partes of this verbe, appeare in the declinyng of the others.

 

Bere, Tenere,

in the preter tense, in the same tense,

bevvi. temetti.

 

 

 

 

Dovere		In the first mode.		Presente tense   Preter tense.   Future tense.		io debbo tu dei     [q]uello   dovetti dovei, in verse,   devrò doverò
								deè dè deve debbe	quegli   in verse.	debbono. denno deono
		In the subiunctive mode.				debbia debba		doverei devrei

 

Godere Capere

In the preter tense.

godei capei

and in the subiunctive

goda cappia

 

provedere

in the preter tense.

2

providi provedetti

 

This verbe Calere, that signifieth to be carefull, or to take thoughte for, maketh only Somtime, calŭto.

cale calse caglia calesse calere.

 

and verie seldome

calea calerà

 

besides that in the olde time, hath been used in steede of

carrebbe, calerebbe,

 

And requireth evermore the thirde case before him, and the seconde case, or ne in stede therof, after him.

 

as

2

Ti cale di me Vi cale di cio A me ne calse Che ve ne caglia

though takest thougthe for me. you take thought for that. it made me carefull. that you take hede unto it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Of the thirde coniugacion.

 

The indicative mode.

 

Presente tense

io tu quello noi voi quelli

Leggo leggi legge leggiamo leggete leggono

I reade. thou readest. he readeth. we reade. you reade they reade.

 

Preter= imperfect tense.

io   tu quello noi voi   quegli

leggeva leggea leggevi leggeva leggevamo leggevate   leggevano leggeano

I redde.   thou reddest. he redde. we redde. you redde   they redde.

 

Preterper= fect tense		io   tu     quello   noi   voi   quegli		lessi ho letto leggesti hai letto leggestŭ? lesse ha letto leggemmo habbiamo letto leggeste havete letto lesserò hanno letto		I have redde.   though hast redde.   hast though redde?   he hath redde.   we have redde.   you have redde.   they have redde.
				lessono, hath been used, though it bee not toscane.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preter pluperfect tense

io tu quello noi voi quegli

haveva letto havevi letto haveva letto havevamo letto havevate letto havevano letto

I had redde, thou hadst redde he had redde. we had redde. you had redde. they had redde.

 

Future tense.

io tu quello noi voi quegli

leggerò leggerai leggerà leggeremo legerete leggeranno

I shall or will reade. thou shalt or wilt reade. he shall or will reade. we shall or will reade. you shall or will reade. they shall or will reade.

                                   Io voglio leggere,              I will reade. etc.

Lyke as in amare.

 

The imperative mode.

 

Presente tense.   Future tense.

leggi tu leggete voi non leggere leggerai tu leggerete voi

reade thou. reade you. reade not thou. reade thou hereafter. reade you hereafter.

 

The optative mode.

 

Presente tense.		leggessi io leggessi tu leggesse quello leggissimo noi leggeste voi leggessero quegli	I would I did reade. I woulde thou diddest read. I woulde he did reade. I woulde we did reade. I would you did reade. I would they did reade.
		leggessono, may be saied, but it is not used.
Preter perfect tense		havessi io letto havessi tu letto havesse quello letto havessimo noi letto haveste voi letto, havess.ro quegli letto	I would I had redde. I would thou hadst redde. I would he had redde I would we had redde I would you had redde. I would they had redde.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In stede of the potenciall mode.

 

Presente tense

Legga io legga tu legga quello leggiamo noi leggiate voi leggano quegli

I maie or can reade. thou maiest or canst reade. he maie or can reade. we maie or can reade, you maie or can reade. they may or can reade.

 

The Subiunctive mode.

 

Presente tense.		Che                       Se.		io   tu   quello noi voi quegli		legga legga leggi legga leggiamo leggiate leggano		that I reade. that thou reade.   that he reade. that we reade. that you reade. that they reade.
				io   tu   quello   noi   voi   quegli		leggessi leggerei leggeria, in verse. leggessi leggeresti leggesse leggerebbe leggessimo leggeremmo leggeste leggereste leggesserò leggerebbono			if I redde.     if thou reddest.     If he redde.     if we redde.   if you redde.   if thei redde.

 

Preter tense		Che io habbia letto,					that I have or had redde
		Se io		havessi haverei		letto	if I have or had redde.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

And so forthe in the rest of the persons and numbres, as you see in the subiunctive of amo.

 

Future tense.

io haverò letto and so foorthe, like as in amo.

I shall have redde.

 

The infinitive mode.

 

Present tense. Preter tense. Future tense.

leggere havere letto essere per leggere essere a leggere

to reade,        to have redde.   to be to reade.

 

Some verbes there be of this thirde coniugacion, that in some places doe varie from the rule.

 

as

ponere   rendere   conoscere   mordere   perdere concedere credere ricevere succedere nuocere ridere offendere respondere

to putte.   to yelde.   to knowe.   to bite.   to lose. to graunte. to beleve. to receive. to succede. to hurt. to laugh. to hurt. to aunswere.

that maketh

posi ponga. rendei renda conobbi conosca mordei morsi perdei concedetti credetti ricevetti succedetti nocqui risi offesi resposi.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Of the fowerth coniugacion.

 

The indicative mode.

 

Presente     tense.

Io odo tu odi quello ode noi udiamo voi udite quegli odono

I heare. thou hearest. he heareth. we heare. you heare. they heare.

 

Preter=   imperfect   tense.

io udiva tu udivi   quello   noi udivamo voi udivate   quegli

udiva udia     udivano udiano

I heard. thou heardest.   he heard.   we hearde. you heard.   they heard.

 

Preter       perfect       tense

io   tu     quello   noi   voi   quegli

udi ho udito udisti hai udito udistù? udi ha udito udimmo habbiamo udito udiste havete udito udirono hanno udito

I have hearde.     thou hast heard.   hast thou heard?   he hath heard.     we have heard.   you have heard.   they have heard.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preter pluperfect tense

io haveva udito tu havevi udito quello haveva udito noi havevamo udito voi havevate udito quegli havevano udito

I had heard. thou haddest hearde. he had heard. we have heard. you have heard. they have hearde.

 

Future tense		io udiro tu udirai quello udirà noi udiremo voi udiretee quegli udiranno	I shall or will heare, thou shalt or wilt heare. he shall or will heare. we shall or will heare. you shall or will heare. they shall or will heare.
		Io voglio udire	I will heare.etc. Lyke as in amo.

 

The imperative mode.

 

Presente tense.   Future tense

Odi tu Udite voi Non udire udirai tu udirete voi

heare thou. heare you. heare thou not. heare thou hereafter. herken you hereafter.

 

The optative mode.

 

Presente tense.           Preterper= fect tense

udissi io udissi tu udisse quello udissemo noi udiste voi udissero quegli havessi io udito havessi tu udito havesse quello udito havessimo noi udito haveste voi udito havessero quegli udito,

I woulde I hearde. I would thou heardest. I wolde he hearde. I woulde we hearde. I woulde you hearde. I wolde thei hearde. I wolde I had hearde. I wold thou hadst heard. I woulde he had hearde. I woulde we had heard. I would you had heard. I wolde thei had hearde.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In stede of the potenciall mode.

 

Presente tense.

Oda io Oda tu Oda quello Udiamo noi Udiate voi Udano quegli.

I may or can heare. thou maiestt or canst heare. he maie or can heare. we maie or can heare. you maie or can heare. they maie or can heare.

 

The subiunctive mode.

 

present tense		Che                         Se.		io oda tu oda quello oda noi udiamo voi udiate quegli odano.			that I heare. that thou heare. that he heare. that we heare. that you heare. that they heare.
				io     tu   quello   noi   voi   quegli		udissi udirei udrei udiria udissi udiresti udisse udirebbe udissimo udiremmo udiste udireste udissero udirebbono	in verse.	If I hearde.       if thou heardest   If he hearde.     if we hearde.   if you hearde.   if they hearde.

 

Preter tense.		Che io habbia udito					that I have or had hearde.
		se io		havessi haverei		udito	If I have or had heard
		And so foorthe in the rest of the persons and numbres, as you see in the subiunctive of amo.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Future tense.		io haverò udito	I shall have heard.
		and so foorthe, like as in amo.

 

The infinitive mode.

 

Present tense Preter tense.

Udire havere udito,

to heare. to have heard.

 

Future tense.

essere per udire essere ad udire

to be to heare.

 

Some verbes there bee of this fowerth coniugacion, that in some places varie from this rule.

 

Sofferire

that maketh.

In the present tense of the first mode the thyrd person   In the imperative mode.   In the subiunctive

Sofferà   Sofferà Soffra Sofferi.

sometime in verse.

 

Venire

that maketh

In the present tense.   In the preter tense

venní vennerò

vengo

 

Aprire   coprire Dire	that maketh   maketh     dissi		apersi apri copersi.
morire	mori,	and not morsi.

 

ardisco nutrisco impallidisco patisco ferisco perisco langŭisco		doe make.	io ardisco tu ardischi quello ardiste quegli ardistono			in all the other places they folowe the rule.
			and in the subiunctive	ardisca			Ardire nutrire.etc.
			et so do al the rest.

 

The poetes have somtime used patò, and patè, in steede of patisco patiste.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

These other.

Imbrunire   aggredire   imbianchire   arrossire   abbellire

do make

Imbruno Imbruná aggrado aggrada imbianco imbianca arrosso arrossa abbello abbella

 

And in the present tence of the subiunctive, they folowe the rule of the first coniugacion, though they be not so muche used in that rule: as in saiyng.

 

Imbrunista aggredista imbianchista arrossista abbellista.

 

Of whiche, fower are verbes neuters, that have the significacion passive, and the fifth, that is to wete, abbellire, is active.

 

These two verbes

andare essere

to goe to be

doe muche varie

 

From the rules of the other verbes, and therfore have I thought good, to sette them also at large, speciallie because they are of the verbes that are most often occupied.

 

Of Andare.

The indicative mode.

 

Presente tense.		io		vo vado		I goe.
		tu vai quello va noi andiamo voi andate quegli vanno				thou goest. he goeth. we goe. you goe. thei goe.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preter=      imperfect      tense.

io andava tu andavi quello andava noi andavamo voi andavate quegli andavano

I went. thou diddest goe. he went. we went. you did goe. thei went.

 

Preter=         perfect         tense

io   tu   quello   noi   voi   quegli

andai sono andato andasti sei andato andò e andato andammo siamo andato andaste siete andato andarono sono andato

I have gone.   thou hast gone.   he hath gone.   we have gone.   you are gone.   they are gone.

 

Preter=     pluper=     fect tense.

io era andato tu eri andato quello era andato noi eravamo andato voi eravate andato quegli erano andato

I was gone. thou wast gone. he was gone. we were gone. you were gone. they were gone.

 

Future          tense.

io   tu   quello   noi voi quegli

anderò andrò anderai andrai anderà andrà anderemo anderete anderanno

I shall or will go.   thou shalte or wilt goe.   he shall or will goe.   we shall or will goe. you shall or will goe. they shall or will goe.

 

Io voglio andare

I will goe. etc.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The imperative mode.

 

Presente tense.   Future tense.

Va tu andate voi Non andare anderai tu andarete voi

go thou go you go not thou. go thou hereafter. go you hereafter.

 

The optative mode.

 

Presente     tense.		andassi io andassi tu andasse egli andassimo noi andaste voi andassero quegli	I would I wente. I would thou wentest. I would he went. I would we went. I would you went. I would they went.
Preter         tense.		fossi io andato fossi tu andato fosse quello andato fossimo noi andato foste voi andato fossero quegli andato	I would I had gone. I wold thou hadst gone. I wolde he had gone. I woulde we had gone. I woulde you had gone. I wolde thei had gone.

 

In stede of the potenciall mode.

 

Presente     tense

vada io vada tu vada quello andiamo noi andiate voi vadano quegli

I may or can go. thou maiest or canst go. he maie or can go. we maie or can go. you maie or can go. they may or can go.

 

The subiunctive mode.

 

Presente     tense.		Che io vada				that I goe.
		Se io		andassi anderei anderia, in verse,		if I wente.
		And so foorthe in the other persons and numbres accordyng to the rule.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preter tense.		Che io sia andato					that I have or had gone.
		S’io		fossi sarei		andato	If I had gone.

And so forth in thother persons et numbres accordyng to the rule.

 

Future tense.

io sarò andato and so foorthe.

I shall or will be gone.

 

The infinitive mode.

 

Presente tense.

Andare ire

to goe.

 

Preter tense.

essere andato

to be gone.

 

Future tense

essere per andare essere ad andare

to be to go.

 

These woordes

gire gia gito girei in verse. ito in prose.

are also used.

 

Of Essere.

The indicative mode.

 

Presente tense.		io		sono son sò		somtime	I am.
		tu		sei			thou arte
		quello		eè e	2		he is.
		noi voi quelli		siamo siete sono			we be. you be. they be.

 

Preter= imperfect tense.

io era tu eri quello ero noi eravamo voi eravate quegli erano

I was. thou wast. he was. we were. you were. they were.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preter          perfect          tense		io   tu     quello		fui son stato fosti sei stato fostŭ? fu e stato		I have been.   thou hast been.   hast thou been?   he hath been.
				fue	sometime in verse.
		noi   voi   quegli		fummo siamo stato foste siete stato furno sono stato		we have been.   you have been.   they have been.

 

Preter     pluperfect     tense

io era stato tu eri stato quello era stato noi eravamo stato Voi eravate stato quegli erano stato

I had been. thou hadst been. he had been. we had been. you had been. thei had been.

 

Future            tense		io sarò tu sarai					I shall be. thou shalt be.
		quello		sara fia			he shall bee.
		noi saremo voi sarete					we shall be. you shall be.
		quegli		saranno fiano			thei shall be.

 

Io voglio essere

I will be. etc.

 

The imperative mode.

 

Presente tense.		sij sie sia		tu	be thou.
		Siate voi non essere			be you. be thou not.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Future tense

sarai tŭ sarete voi

be thou hereafter. be you hereafter.

 

The optative mode.

 

Presente     tense.	2	fossi io fossi tu fosse quello fossimo noi foste voi			I woulde I were. I woulde thou were. I wolde he were. I wolde we were. I woulde you were.
		fosserò fossono	2	quegli	I woulde they were.

 

Preter         tense.

fossi io stato fossi tu stato fosse quello stato fossimo noi stato foste voi stato fossero quegli stato

I wolde I had been. I wolde thou hadst been. I woulde he had been. I wolde we had been. I woulde you had been. I wolde thei had been.

 

The potenciall mode.

 

Presente     tense.		sia io			I may or can be.
		sij sie sia		tu	thou maiest or canst be.
		sia quello siamo noi siate voi siano quegli			he may or can be. we may or can be. you may or can be. thei may or can be.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preter          perfect          tense		io   tu     quello		fui son stato fosti sei stato fostŭ? fu e stato		I have been.   thou hast been.   hast thou been?   he hath been.
				fue	sometime in verse.
		noi   voi   quegli		fummo siamo stato foste siete stato furno sono stato		we have been.   you have been.   they have been.

 

Preter     pluperfect     tense

io era stato tu eri stato quello era stato noi eravamo stato Voi eravate stato quegli erano stato

I had been. thou hadst been. he had been. we had been. you had been. thei had been.

 

Future            tense		io sarò tu sarai					I shall be. thou shalt be.
		quello		sara fia			he shall bee.
		noi saremo voi sarete					we shall be. you shall be.
		quegli		saranno fiano			thei shall be.

 

Io voglio essere

I will be. etc.

 

The imperative mode.

 

Presente tense.		sij sie sia		tu	be thou.
		Siate voi non essere			be you. be thou not.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Future tense

sarai tŭ sarete voi

be thou hereafter. be you hereafter.

 

The optative mode.

 

Presente     tense.	2	fossi io fossi tu fosse quello fossimo noi foste voi			I woulde I were. I woulde thou were. I wolde he were. I wolde we were. I woulde you were.
		fosserò fossono	2	quegli	I woulde they were.

 

Preter         tense.

fossi io stato fossi tu stato fosse quello stato fossimo noi stato foste voi stato fossero quegli stato

I wolde I had been. I wolde thou hadst been. I woulde he had been. I wolde we had been. I woulde you had been. I wolde thei had been.

 

The potenciall mode.

 

Presente     tense.		sia io			I may or can be.
		sij sie sia		tu	thou maiest or canst be.
		sia quello siamo noi siate voi siano quegli			he may or can be. we may or can be. you may or can be. thei may or can be.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The subiunctive mode.

 

Presente     tense.		Che                                   Se.		io   tu   quello noi voi quegli		sia sij sie sia sia siamo siate siano	that I be.   that thou be.   that he be. that we be. that you be. that they be.
				io     tu     quello     noi   voi   quegli		fossi sarei seria    in verse. fossi saresti fosse sarebbe saria fora in verse. fossimo saremmo foste sareste fossero sarebbono	If I were.     if thou were.   If he were.         if we were.   if you were.   if they were.

 

Preter       tense	l	che         se		io sia stato tu sij stato quello sia stato noi siamo stato voi siate stato quegli siano stato				that I have or had been. that thou hast or had been. that he have or had been. that we have or had been. that you have or had been. that they have or had been.
				2     io		fossi sarei stato,		if I have or had been.
			And so foorthe in the rest.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Future tense.		io saro stato	I shall have been.
		And so foorthe in the reste.

 

The infinive mode.

 

Present tense Preter tense.

essere essere stato

to be, to have been.

 

And here it is to be noted, that all verbes passives are declined under this verbe essere, ioignyng onely unto it the participle of the preter tense.

 

Verbes passives.

as

io sono amato tu sei veduto essere eletto essere stato udito

I am beloved. thou art seen. to be redde. to have been heard.

 

This rule speciallie is alway to be observed, that the Italian commonly useth to convert the infinitive mode, of whatsoever verbe it be, into a nowne, settyng the article before it.

 

as

il pensare non importa, ma il fare, si The thinkyng maketh no matter, but the doyng, ye.

 

The verbes impersonals are formed of the thirde person of the active, addyng this syllable si, unto it.

 

Verbes impersonales

as

amasi vedesi leggesi odesi

it is beloved. it is seen. it is redde, it is heard. etc.

 

And in all those verbes, that in the thirde person have but one syllable, they use to double the s.

 

as

vassi stassi fossi dossi

it goeth. it standeth. it doeth. it giveth. etc.

 

The geroundives end alwais in do: as,

amando veggendo leggendo udendo

lovyng seyng reading hearing

and being saied in the first person are used to be writen

amand’io veggend’io leggend’io udend’io

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The participles: as,

Amante vedente leggente udente

amato veduto letto udito

serve in al tenses unto the verbe, whereof they are governed.

 

And servyng unto nownes, they folowe the rule of the adiectives: besides that in the sixt case, beeyng put absolutely with the nowne, it foloweth the latine phrase.

 

as

Cadŭto lui in terra   he fallen to the earthe.

presente me vedente te I beyng presente. thou seyng.

 

Petrarke hath written       lasso me,

Woe is me.

 

and

O me beato O me felice

O happie I

are used, though they be no participles.

 

Adverbe.

 

Bicause the adverbe can not be well declared, but by exaumples, therfore have I taken out the principall of those that are used, and sette theim hereafter in order, to the entent that by them their lyke may the better be knowen: as,

 

of place

qui qua ci ivi qŭivi la colà vi li

in verse

here or hither.       there or hither.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

of place

costi costa ove dove onde donde altrove altronde la ove la dove la onde quinci indi quindi   costinci   ovunque dovunque oveche   quantunque   dentro diento fŭori di fŭori su suso giu giuso

there where thou arte.     where, or from whence.     otherwhere.   there, where, whreas, or wherof.   from hence.   from thence.   from thence where thou arte.   where so ever.       howe muche, or howe many so ever,   within   without   up.   downe.

 

Of time

hora estè adesso

nowe.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

of time		gia     hora mai hor mai ho mai   hoggimai hieri hoggi dimane adhora adhora ugni hora, per tempo tardi guari tosto subito di subito ratto di fatto incontanente immantanente talhora spesso sovente rado dirado quando alhora mentre sempre sempremai mai			nowe. right nowe. alreadie. somtime.
			alreadie, or more than tyme.
					nowe a dayes. yesterdaie. to daie. to morowe. in the nicke. still, or continually. in tyme. to late, or slowely. long tyme. quickely.   sodainly.   with a thought. out of hande.   incontinentlie.   somtime.   oftentimes.   seldome times.   whan. than. whilest. ever. evermore. never.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Of deniall.

non nò nulla niente

no.   none.

 

Of qualitee.

bene male saviamente dottamente veramente falsamente ginocchione tentone carpone boccone

well. yll. wyselie. connyngly. trewly. falsely. kneelyngly. gropyngly. creepyngly. grovelyng.

 

Of quantitee.		molto vie vie pui poco assai tanto cotanto		muche.         so muche.	muche more. littell. enough.
		quanto			as muche, or howe muche.

 

Of comparison.

piu meno megliore meglio peggiore peggio

2

better.     worse.

 

2                Of Order.

prima primamente primieramente secondo secondariamente

first or firstly.   seconde, or secondarily.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Of Order

innanzi avanti davanti poi postia dòpo dipoi dietro

before.       after.   behynde.

 

Of discrecion

altrimenti senza seperatamente pŭntalmente secretamente apertamente

otherwise. without. severally. poinctmeale. secretely. openly.

 

Of slackenesse.

a pena quasi a poco a poco pian piano pie innanzi piè

scarsely. almost. by littell and littell. softe and fayre. foote before foote, or stalkingly.

 

Of proofe.

Si in verità certo

ye. for a trueth. surely.

 

Of swearyng.

a fè a fede a fededio per dio

by my faithe.   by the faithe of god. by god.

 

Of question.

perche? a che modo? a che gŭisa?

wherfore?   howe, or in what maner?

 

And those other that may be spoken in way of question: as, ove? quando? etc.

 

Of doubt.

forse peraventura per caso per forte

2

perchaunce, or maie happen.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Of similitude.		cosi come quasi in modo in maniera in gŭisa			so, or thus.   as,
				in suche maner or wise.

 

Of callyng

ò olà è

 

Of procedyng		via horsuso hor oltre hor oltra			one waie. nowe up,
				nowe foorthe,

 

Of excepcion.

eccetto senon salvo

excepte.

 

Of union.		insieme insiememente unitamente giŭntamente parimente			togither.
				togitherlyke.

 

Of shewyng.

ecco eccolo eccola and so foorthe of

beholde. beholde him or it. beholde hir. mi, ti, ci, vi, li, le.

 

Of the greatest comparison.

savissimamente verissimamente gratiosissimamente rigorosissimamente

most wisely. most truely. most graciousely. most crewellie.

 

Of declaracion.

cio è verbi gratia,

that is to saie. as for example.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Of sorowe.

ha ahi ahime oime hei

he las.

 

Of abhorryng.

Oi bò

 

Coniunction.

 

Like as by exaumples I have somwhat declared the propertie of the adverbes, so also shall I dooe of the coniunctions: as,

 

Of couplyng.		et e, somtimes		and
		ancho anche anchora etiandio	also

 

Of condicion

se

if.

 

Of cause.		che perche peroche percioche imperoche impercioche acioche come conciosia		for, or bicause.     to the ende that as. for as muche.
		conciosiacosa conciosiache avenga		for as muche as

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Of contra=               rietee.

anchorache benche etiandioche avengache con tuttoche comeche quantunque non dimeno nientediméno non dimanco nientedimanco almeno almanco

howe well that. albeit. although.       neverthelesse. notwithstandyng.     at the least.

 

Of separacion

ô o pure o vero ma ne

orelles.

other.     but. nother.

 

 

Of reason.

dŭnque adŭnque però impero la onde il perche altrimenti altrimente

than     therfore or wherfore.     otherwise.

 

Of doubt.

o si o nò

other ye. or no.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preposicion and Interiection.

 

As for the preposicion and interiection, if thei nede not to be devided, than dooe I not muche amysse to ioigne them under one in these wordes folowyng: and if thei neede to be devided, than I referre my correction unto him, that hereafter shall knowe better cause why, and better meane howe to doe it, than I.

 

 

in ne a ad di de da per con tra fra intra infra apo apresso presso   intorno atorno circa lŭngi l[u]nge a lato acanto

in   to   of   of or fro[m]. by or through. with.   betweene or emongest.     neere.     aboutes.   ferre of.   by the side.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ver verso inverso contra contro incontro a petto arimpetto dirimpetto permezzo oltre oltra sor sopra disopra sotto disotto fin fino infino sino insino

towardes.     against.       forne againste.     beyonde.     above.   under.     untill or unto.

 

 

FINIS.

 

 

IMPRINTED AT LONDON IN FLETESTRETE, IN THE HOUSE OF THOmas Berthelet.

Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum.

Anno domini.

1550.