The Italian reviv’d: or the introduction to the Italian tongue.

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The Italian Reviv’d:

Or, The 

Introduction

To The 

Italian Tongue.

Containing

Such Grounds as are most immediately useful,

And necessary for the speedy and easie attaining of the same.

As also

A new Store-House of Proper and Choice

Dialogues,

Most Useful for such as desire the Speaking part,

And intend to travel into Italy, or the Levant.

Together with

The Modern way of Addessing Letters and stiling

Of Persons, as well in actual Disourse, as in Writing.

With Alterations and Additions.

By Gio. Torriano,

An Italian,

And Professor of the Italian Tongue, &c. in London.

London,

Printed by T.R. for J. Martyn, and are to be Sold at the Sign of the Bell in St. Pauls Churchyard 1673.

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The

Preface

To The

Reader.

 

Had not the late dismal Fire de-stroyed all the Printed Books which concern the Italian, as to Gram-mer or Dictionary, (the Book Trade in General having suffered irre-parable loss, above any other whatsoever,) and I my self in particular being involved in the same Fate, as it is well known to many, made a consi-derable sufferer; there would have been no need for one while of more Books of that nature; but for want of them, the Italian declining, and al-most expiring, I thought it necessary to revive it in time, by Reprinting the Introduction to the Italian Tongue, that is the Abbridgment of my 

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Introduction in Ottavo 1657. affixt to the last Edition of Resolute John Florio's Dictionary, corrected, revised, and reverst by me 1659. The English before the Italian, not being in the former Editions.

The Additions are some small Histories Fables, and Jests, cult'd and collected out of several of our Italian Authors, namely such as I thought might have most Propriety of Language in them, Transitions and Links of Discourse, fit for Imita-tion; and all I presume, more or less, useful, de-lightful, and inoffensive, reduc’t into a Century. And this I have done, because there is a want of Italian Books fit for to initiate a Scholar in: It may be expected that the English of them should be placed opposite to them; but I thought it best to omit that, least the Learner should grow lazy: The English must be pumpt and wrought out with Industry, as of other Original Italian Authors; Specially from the whole continued Piece, Dia-logues are but snips to them, and best learnt at last; and now by this means, two or more may learn together, which could not be so conveni-ently done before for want of Books as afore-said.

I have added also some Dialogues which I have newly composed, much like the former Dialogues, and the Language of the same Webb, only those

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 were made for Italy, these for the Meridian of England; yet still with the design in chief, to teach the English Nation Italian; not intending, as some might imagine, by a reverst method, to teach an Italian, or any other Forreighner English; (though much benefit may be had by them so,) wherefore I have made the Italian to lead all along: I feign an Italian, though not the fame Person alwaies, to have had some Friendship or Acquaintance at least with some English man in Italy, not the same Person neither; and so the Italian coming over into England; meets with one occasionally, another he purposely visits, and entertains discourse with him; as in the first Dialogue, I suppose an Italian newly come to a Pension or Ordinary, where many Stran-gers lodge and board, and English Batchelors dine, and so renew their former acquaintance, &c. And I have done this the rather, because of late there are more Italians come over than usual; that so the Pracdick part of speaking may go on almost as well as if it were in Italy; by meeting up-on the Royal Exchange at the usual hours. These Dialogues, as my former consist of general Phra-ses, familiar but not vulgar, fit for imitation with small alteration only I, here and there, have made bold, to make the Colloqutors to speak of the Re-Building of the City of London, and some 

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other signal Places of England; occasionally and cursorily touching upon them, not pretending to describe them or set them out as they deserve, for that would require a far better Pen than mine, and another kind of Stile, than what is usual in Dialogues; besides it would require a Volume to comprehend what might truly be said of the City of London as now it stands. And I may safely aver that it is past any flattery of Pen or Pencil. If I have any wayes transgrest by omission or other-wise, in what I have done, I humbly crave par-don: My meaning was good, and I pray let that be accepted; my desire is, that where ever this Small Piece shall happen to be transported beyond Seas, such as have not seen this Wonder of the World, by this glimmering light of mine, may be invited Personally, to come over and take a more ample and full satisfaction by their own view.

I shall, if God give me Life and Health, proceed to the reprinting of the Larger Pieces of Italian, as the Dictionary; if put upon't by him who hath the Interest in the Copy; and my Piazza Uni-versale di Proverbii Italiani; made abortive, as to publishing, by the said Fire, if encouraged by a kinf Reception of this small Piece.

A Minimis ad Maxima,

Therefore I’le end with an Italian Motto, Si patisce il male, sperando il bene. Bad Fortune is endured, in hopes of Good. 

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An Advertisement

For the avoiding or mending of a Vulgar Error or fault very predominant in many, namely of being over hasty, to be speaking of a Language before it be well understood; I thought it not amiss to produce the Quotation of one Mr. William Awfeild, once relating by way of Tutor to His Grace the late Duke of Buckingham, and to his Grace the Present Duke in his Minority; as may appear in his Dedicatory Epistle to his Grace of the Translation of Mr. Maupas his French Grammer into English, as very perti-nent. Thus he says in the Preface. Be not greedy (if I may advise) to be thought a Speaker of French, be-fore you are sure you understand what you read. It may be that they who take another way, may speak more words in half a year, than you shall in a Twelvemonth; but in a years space, you may with diligence and industry, speak better, and after a while more than any other shall do, all his life-time, unless there be a vast disparity between the abilities of the mind.

The same may be said in Parallel & Proportion of any of the Modern Languages; excepting that the Italian may be sooner learnt by much, providing the Scholar mind his business and be resolved to make something of it.

Quodcunq; sibi imperavit animus, obtinuit. Seneca.

But still I jump with him; That they who are last at speaking, speak the best and surest, and so much I find by my Experience among my Scholars. Experi-entia docet. 

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A

Brief INTRODUCTION

TO THE 

ITALIAN TONGUE

The manner of pronouncing the Alpahabet, as to the nomination of the single Letters, compre-hending even those which are not in use, yet necessary to be nominated according to the Ro-mans and Thuscans.

Such as have not the benefit of a Master, must peruse the following obervations, before they pronounce this well. 

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The ITALIAN Letters are Twenty.

A, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, I, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, z.

Instead of x. we use single or double ss. or c. saying Alessandro, not Alexandro, Serse not Xerse; Eccitare, not excitare, but Xanto a mans name is written with an x. to distinguish it from Santo holy.

A.

Is sounded broad, as in the English word, pawn, pane bread, sound pawne.

C.

Before a., o. u. is sounded as English K. Before e. or i. as English ch. as in the words, cherry, children. céna, a supper, sound chéna, città, sound chittà, a City, ch. is alwayes pronounced as k. in English, and if c. come double before the (h.) or before a, o, u. sound them smartly; spécchi: looking glasses, vácca a Cow, strácco weary, sound spekky, vakka, strakko, but if before e. or i. the first c. must have a touch of a t. eccetuáre, sound etchettuáre, to except, strácci, sound ftratchi, rags.

E.

Sometimes is pronounc'd open; fiéle gall, as in the English word, mealy, sometimes close, béllo fair, found as in the English word, mellow. The pronounciation of these is best gotten by the ear.

G.

Before, a, o, u, as in English, but before e, or i. as an English j consonant; género, a son in law, sound jén.ro, girándola, a circle, or fire work, sound jeerándola. If it come between two vowels, the latter of which is ei-ther 

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(e) or (i) it is pronounc’t as if a (d) were before it, vigilantem sound  vidgilánte, watchful, regénte, sound redgénte regen, or in government, as in the English words, wedge or ridge.

If it come double before a, o, u, the same as in English, only a little stronger, and if double before (e) or (i) only forcing of it a little more, as in the words Légge, Luiggi, sound Ledge, Luidgi.

If (h) come between, g, and i, or g, and e. then g. is pronounc’t as gue, or, gu, in English, in the words guest, or, guide, bottéghe shops, sound bottegue, luòghi, places, sound, logui.

If it come before (l) then it is melted into another (l) fig’io, a son sound, fillio, except in these words, Inglese, glòbo, negligènza, neglètto, conglutinàre, where the sound is the same as in English.

If it come before (n) it is melted as it were into another (n) and as if an (i) should follow the latter, régno, sound rénnio.

The English words, onion, and, companion, will humour this pronounciation.

Gua, gue, gui, are sounded as gwa, gwe, gwi, guastàre to spoyl, sound gwastàre, guèrcio blear eyed, sound gwèr-cio, guida a guide, sound, gwida.

H.

In it self is no Letter, but rather a note of distinction to avoid equivocation, as appears in (ci) us, from (chi) who? (ce) us, from, (che) which, anno, a year, from hanno, they have.

Ai to the, from, (hai) thou hast (á) to, from, (há) he hath. 

Amo, I love, from hàmo, a fish hook.

Giàccio, I lye down, from, ghiàccio, ice. Véggia a vessel, from végghia, a watching.

I.

Is sounded as English (ee) minimo, the least, sound meéni-mo. It is never used by good Italians as a consonant, 

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but instead of it (g) is put before it, saying, Giovànni, John, not Jovànni, Gioseppe, Joseph, not Joséppe.

O.

Sometimes is pronounc't open, as tòrre, to take away, sound as in the English word torrent, sometimes close, as tórre, a tower, as in the English word turrett, or near upon that sound.

The general observations of the close (o) are these that follow.

1. Where (ò) is accented it is close, as amò he loved.

2. Words ending in one, óra, óre, óro, óso, Oratióne, prayer, qualhóra, sometimes, Signòre, Lord, or Sir, colóro, those, amoróso amorous, except when (u) goes before, as buòno good, then it is pronounc't as in the English word, bone, cuòre, a heart, as in the English word, kore, of fruit.

3. If it come before l. m. n. r. it is close; cólmo top full, Roma, Rome, pònta, a point, tóndo round: except when i. or u. comes before it, as chióma a head of hair, Duómo a Cathedral Church.

4. If it come before gn. it is close, as Bológna, sound bolúnnia, by these may be guest any other observation of the close (o.) And where it doth not come within the compass of these observations, it is to be founded open.

Q.

Is ever pronounc't as English, k. when (c) goes before it, and smartly, piacque, it pleased. acqua water, sound piackwe, ackwa. otherwise as the English in questo as in the word Inquest.

S.

Coming between two vowels is sounded like an (z) misero, sound mizero, miserable, desío, sound dezio a desire: except così, so, altresì, also, and all words that have (si) added to them as, scrivesi, it is written, where its sound is natural. (Sce) or (sci) pronounced as, sh. scélta choice, sound shelta, scintilla, a spark, found shin-tilla. 

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Before c. f. p. t. it is pronounced also in its natural sound as, scála a ladder or pair of stairs, sfacciato brazen fac'd, véspa, a waspe, stúdio, a study or University, but before d. g. l. m. n. r. v. as z. as sbárra, a fence, sdégno dis-dain, sguárdo a look, slattare to wean, smánia madness, frowardness, snodáre to untie, sradicare to pluck up by the roots, sventuráto misfortunate.

T.

Words that have tia, tie, or tio, tii, in the middle or ending, are pronounced as ts, as gratia sound grátsia, grace, grátie, sound, grátsie, graces, ótio, ótsio, idleness, vitii, vitsii, vices, except, ambastia an Extasie, saettía a pinnace, malatia, a sickness, questióne a question, quisti-one, a quarrel, moléstia, trouble, s. preceding t: tiéne, he holdeth, potiáte ye may be able, patiámo, we may suffer, patiáte, ye may suffer, and some other verbs, which use will discover.

U.

Sound as, oo, in English, lúna sound, loóna, the moon, and when it is a consonant, then it ought to be cha-racter’d thus, v. and is pronounced as in English, as vítio, virtù, vice, virtue.

Z.

When it comes single betwixt two vowels, is pronoun-c’d as if a (d) were before it, mézo, sound medzo the middle, azúro, sound adzúro blew.

If it come double between two vowels, then it is pro-nounc'd as, ts. bellézza, sound, bellétsa beauty.

If it come after l. n. r. it is also sounded as (ts.) milza sound miltsa, the spleen, ronzíno, sound rontsíno a Nag, fòrza sound fòrtsa strength.

Divers words that begin with z. are pronounc’d with the sound of ts. others with d. as zío sound tsio, an uncle, zòp-po, sound, tsoppo, lame, zero, sound, dséro the figure of nought in Arithmetick.

The letters b.d.f.l.m.n.p.r. are pronounced as in the En-glish; instead of (k) we use (ch) instead of (ph) (f). 

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And thus much for Pronunciation, which being obser-ved, with the Accents, there will be no difficulty in pro-nouncing the language; for generally the Italian tongue is pronounced as it is written and written as it is pronoun-ced, without loosing any letter or syllable.

 

 

Observations.

All our words for the most part end in vowels, as áni-ma the soul, féde faith, or trust, Luiggi, Lewis, cor-po, a body, virtù virtue.

Yet observe that E. or O. are not pronounc’ t when they follow l.n.r. and often not exprest in writing, nor some-times when they follow t.d. or m. as for example.

Mo. Habbiam hormai finite. We have at last made an end, not habbiamo.

Le. Un mal non vien solo. A mischief comes not alone, not, male.

Lo. Bel tempo fa. It is fair weather, not bello.

Ne. Per ragión di Stato. Out of State Policy, not rag-gione.

No. Di buon ingegno. Of a good wit, not Buono.

Re. Muor di vòglia. He dies with longing, not Muore.

Ro. Il ver odiato. The truth hated, not Vero.

Te. Fra: Bernardo. Brother Bernerd, not Frate.

De. Gran: Soggetto. An eminent man, not Grande.

To. San. Pietro. Saint Peter, not Santo.

But if they end the sentence, they are written at length. 

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Observe that these words are never abbreviated.

 

For it were absurd to say, Apol siede nel trono. Apollo sitteth in the throne, but Apollo siede, &c. and so of the rest.

The following particles are usually contracted if the word following begin with a vowel.

La. Le. Lo. Di. Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Ne. Vi.

L’anima è immortale. The soul is immortal, for la ani-ma, &c.

L’eterne pene, the eternal pains, for, le eterne, &c.

L’amore accieca l’animo, Love blinds the mind, for lo amore, &c.

Egli e l’usanza d’imitar altrui, It is the fashion to imitate another, for, di imitare, &c.

M’intendi? Do you understand me, for, mi intendi?

T’intendo, I understand thee, for, ti intendo.

S’intende, its understood, for, si intende. 

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L’emulazione c’incita, emulation stirreth us, for, ci in-cita.

Me n’andrò, I will go my ways, for, me ne andrò.

V’impiegai gl’amici, I imployed friends therein, for, vi impiegai, &c.

I might enlarge my self yet farther with other ex-amples but aiming at brevity; I think these suffice-ent.

A Table of the most usual abbreviations or contractions, with their explanations.

Al, for, a il, to the.

Ai, a', for, alli, to the.

Bei, be', for, belli, fair, beautiful.

Bell' amante, for, bello amante, a fair lover.

Ch' for, che, that, or which.

Coi, co', for, con li or con gli, with the.

Colla, for, con la, with the.

Colle, for, con le, with the.

D', for, di, of.

Del, for di il, of the.

De', dei, for delli or degli, of the pl.

Ei, e', for egli, he or it.

E'l, for lo il, and it, and the. 

Fra', for, fra li, among the. 

Fé, for fece, he did, or made. 

Fè, for fede, faith. 

Foss',lo, for, fossi lo, were I. 

Gl', for, gli, the. 

Huomin' da bene, for huomini da bene, honest men. 

Huomin' ingrati, for huomini ingrati, ungrateful men. 

Lo'mperatore, for, lo Imperatore, the Emperour. 

Lo'nventore, for, lo inventore, the inventor. 

Madonna, for mia donna, my woman: in ordinary compellation, as much as, goody or gammer in English, but in extraordinary compellation, applyed to the blessed Virgin Mary.

Me' meglio, better.

Me’l, for a me il, to meet it. 

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Mie', for miei, mine.

Molt' anni, for molti anni, many years. 

Nel, for, in li, in the. 

Ne'l, for, ne il, nor the, or for it.

No'l, for, non il, not the.

Nollo, for, non lo, not the.

Pel, for, per il, or per lo, or the, or through the. 

Pel, for, per lo, idem. 

Puo, for puoi, thou canst.

Quai, for quali, which.

Quei, for quelli, those.

Quand' il, for quando il, when the.

Sant' Antonio, for Santo Antonio.

Suo', for suoi, his.

Se', for sei, thou art.

Se'l, for, a se il, to himself it, or, if it,

Su'l, for, sopra il, upon the.

Tra', for tra li, among the.

Te'l, for a te il, to thee it.

Tuo', for tuoi, thine.

Tu'l, for tu il, thou it

Tra'l, for, tra il, twixt the.

These following words ought alwaies to have Accents exprest upon them.

Ciò, that. 

Costì, there. 

Costà, thither.

Dà, he giveth.

Dò, I give.

Dì, a day.

è, is.

Eurôpa, Europe.

Eufrâte, Euphrates

Fà, he doth, or makes.

Fò, I do, or make.

Fù, hath been.

Frà, betwixt, also a contract, or abbreviation, of Frâte, a Fryer.

Già, formerly, or now. 

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Giesù, Jesus.

Grù, a crane.

Giù, down, below.

Honestà, honesty.

Horsù, come away.

Fuggîro, they fled, for fuggîrono.

Là, there, thither.

Lì, there, or here.

Mò, presently.

Nè, neither, or nor.

Nò, not.

Oibò, fy.

Perché? Because, why, or wherefore.

Però, therefore, yet.

Più, more.

Piè, a foot, or feet.

Podestà, a Governour.

Può, he can, or is able.

Quà, hither.

Quì, here.

Rè, a King, or Kings.

Stà, he stands, dwells, or is.

Stò, I stand, or am, or dwell.

Sà, he knows.

Sè, himself.

Sò, I know.

Sù, up.

Tè, thee.

Trà, betwixt.

Trè, three.

Tò, for togli, take thou, also mark, or observe.

Tù, thou.

Và, he goeth.

Vò, I go.

Viè, more: pronounc’t all in a sound.

Vià, more: pronounc’t all in a sound.

Virtù, vertue.

The Apostrophus is chiefly used upon the Articles com-ing before vowels, as hath been already hinted. 

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The Definite Article. Il. or Lo. the or a. Masculine. La. the or a. Feminine.

Singular. Plural.

 

The use of these Articles may be understood by the fol-lowing observations.

Il, and lo, serve to the masculine singular, i, and gli, to the masculine plural.

La, to the feminine singular.

Le, to the feminine plural.

As, Il cavallo, a horse, &c. li cavalli, horses.   

Lo Spirito, a spirit, gli spiriti, spirits. 

La scala, a ladder, le scale, ladders.

Il, is used before words, beginning with a single conso-nant; as il cavallo, a horse, il libro, a book, and so is, li, as li cavalli, Horses: but if the following word begins with an l. i. is used for better sound sake, i libri, not li libri, books. 

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Lo, is used before words beginning with a double conso-nant, the first whereof is an s, as lo spirito, a spirit, lo strale, an arrow or dart. It is also used before words be-ginning with a vowel, and then it is contracted thus, l'amore, love, l’odio, hatred.

Gli, is used before words beginning with a double con-sonant: as hath been said of lo? and also before words beginning with a vowel, as gli amori, the loves, gli honori, the honours: but before i, it is contracted, as gl'inimici, the enemies, gl'infedeli, the infidels.

I, is used before words, beginning with a single conso-nant, as i fiori, the flowers, i fiati, the blasts, i libri, the books.

La, is used before words beginning with either single, or double consonants, la torre, the tower, la spada the sword, but if before a vowel, then it is usually contracted thus l'anima, the soul, l'arte, the trade, or arte.

Le, used before words beginning with either single, or double consonants, as, le torri, the towers, le spade, the swords, but if before a vowel, it may either be contra-cted, or not, saying, l'inimicitie, the enmities, or le inimicitei.

La, le, li, lo, coming after de, a, da, ne, double their l, as delle, of the, not de lo, allo to the, not a lo, dallo, from the, not da lo, nella, in the, not ne la, unless in Poetry.

Observe that, il, and lo, sometimes relate to persons, sometimes to things, and signifie him, or that, as il vedo, I see him, or see that, lo vedo, I see him, or that.

Gli, and li, likewise relate to persons, or things, either in the singular, or plural number.

Gli parlai, I spake to him.

Gli sentii, I heard them.

Gli hò venduti quei libri, I have fold him those books.

Li mandai avviso, I sent him advice.

Li scopettai ben bene quei vestimenti, I brusht those clothes very well.

Li viddi tutti quanti affogare, I saw them every one drowned. 

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Il, la, li, le, before, mio, tuo, suo, nostro, vostro, loro, &c. have no signification, and serve only for ornament as with the Greeks; il mio capello, my hat, la mia frusta, my whip, the my hat, were non-sense.

Observe that e is gracefully put between gli, and le, gli, and la, gli, and li, gli, and le, gli, and ne. Gliele, to him it, masculine.

Gliela, to him it, feminine.

Glieli, to him them, masculine. 

Gliele, to him them, feminine.

Gliene, to him thereof, or therewith. And most com-monly, it is used speaking to men, but sometimes to wo-men: And this is to avoid repetition; as menò certi cani all'Imperatore, presentoglieli, or presentogliene, he brought certain dogs to the Emperour and presented them him, or him therewith, to avoid, saying, menò certi cani all'Impe-ratore, è quelli presentò a lui, he brought certain dogs to the Emperour, and them presented unto him.

Observe that la and le sometimes relate to persons, some-times to things, as hath been hinted upon, li, l'arma Io la tengo forte, the weapon I hold it fast, le vedi quelle arme? dost see those weapons? è poco, non le basta, Its little, it is not sufficient for you, le, being a contract of, á lei, which implies as much as, to her, to your Lordship, or Lady-ship, &c. le bacio le mani. I kiss your Lordships, or Ladyships hands.

Observe that, mi. ci. ti. vi. fi. coming before, la lo. li. le., ne. change i, into e. 

Saying instead of

 

The indefinit Articles (Di) of (A) to (Da) from or by are indifferently applied to person or place.

Note that the difference of the Finit article and the inde-finite is chiefly comprehended in this point.

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The definit article represents a thing limited and re-strained, the indefinit leaves it in its full extent, as un ser-vitor di Principe, a Princes servant, speaking of any Prince in general, not limited to any one particular Prince: But un servitor del Principe, is a servant of the Prince, where is meant some particular Prince, and so consequently of the rest of the articles.

The terminations of nouns substantives and adjectives which are our declensions.

A.

Words ending in a. in the singular, make e. in the plural, and are feminines, la porta, a gate, le porte, gates.

Except names of offices and dignities, which are mascu-line and make i. in the plural, as il profeta, a prophet, li profeti, prophets; but if it be accented then it is the same in the plural, as in the singular, whether masculine or femi-nine, as la città, a city, le città, cities, il Podestà, a go-vernour, li Podestà, governours: some have two plurals, ala, a wing, ale, or ali, wings, arma, a weapon, arme, or armi, weapons.

E.

Makes i in the plural, whether masculine or feminine, il piede, a foot, li piedi, feet, la mente, the mind, le menti, minds; bue, an oxe, makes buoi.

Note, that some words are both masculine and femi-nine.

Fune, a rope.

Carcere, a prison.

Fante, a servant.

Fine, an end.

Fonte, a spring. 

Consorte, a husband, or wife.

Nobile, noble.

Facile, easie.

Sottile, small.

Possibile, possible.

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Cortese, courteous, &c.

Saying, il, or, la fune, a rope, li, or, le funi, ropes, and so of the rest.

Il consorte cortese, a courteous husband.

Li consorti cortesi, courteous husbands 

La consorte cortese, a courteous wife. 

Le consorti cortesi, courteous wives. 

Il, li, la and le, making only the difference. 

Note also that words ending in ie, make the same in the plural, as in the singular.

La effigie, the effigies, pl. le effigie, the effigies. 

La specie, the kind, pl. le specie, the kinds. 

La superficie, the superficies, le superficie, the super-ficies.

La temperie, the season, or temperament. 

Le temperie, the seasons, or temperaments. 

But moglie, a wife, makes, mogli, wives. 

And mille, a thousand, makes, mila, thousands.

I.

Makes i. in the plural.

Il pari, the like, pl. li pari, masculine.

La pari, the like, pl. le pari, feminine.

Il dì, a day, li dì, dayes.

Indeed all words that have an accent on them; are the same in the plural, as in the singular; and are on-ly distinguished by the article.

O.

Makes i. in the plural, and are all masculines, but mano, a hand: la mano, a hand, le mani, hands.

Il cavallo, a horse: li cavalli, horses.

Il Regno, a Kingdom, li Regni, Kingdoms.

Some words have their singular, both in (o) and in (e) as corriero, or corriere, a Post that carries letters, Cava-gliero, or Cavagliere, a Gentleman, or Knight, pensiero, or pensiere, a thought, destriero, or destriere, a steed, vermo, or verme, a worm.

Words ending in io, make their plural by taking away o, 

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as occhio, an eye, occhi, eyes, savio, a wise man, savi, wise men, sacrificio, a sacrifice, sacrifici, sacrifices, ufficio, a duty, uffici, duties, specchio, a looking-glass, specchi, looking-glasses, usuraio, an usurer, usurai, usurers, except, esser-citio, an exercise, essercitii, exercises, tempio, a temple, tempii, temples, vitio, a vice, plur. vitii, vices, martirio, martyrdom, martirii, martyrdoms, to make a distinction between tempo, time, which makes in the plural, tempi, times, essercito, an army, esserciti, armies, vite, a vine, viti, vines, martire, a martyr, martiri, martyrs.

Note that, huomo, a man, makes in the plural, huomini, men.

Tuo, thine, plural, tuoi, thine, and some words ending in lo, make gli, in the plural, as capello, a hair, capegli, hairs, or head of hair, quello that, quegli, those, &c.

U.

Makes u, in the plural, as, la virtù, vertue, le virtù, ver-tues.

La grù, a crane, le grù, cranes.

Observe, that nouns ending in co, ca, go, ga, make their plurals, in chi, che, ghi, ghe, as,

Giuoco, a game, pl. giuochi, games.

Parca, one of the fatal sisters, pl. parche, fatal sisters. 

Luogo, a place, pl. luoghi, places. 

Piaga, a sore, pl. piaghe, sores.

Except.

Medico, a physician, pl, medici, physicians.

Canonico, a canon of a cathedral, pl. canonici, canons.

Greco, a Grecian, pl. greci, grecians.

Porco, a hog, pl. porci, hogs.

Monaco, a monk, pl. monaci, monks.

Mendico, a begger, pl. mendici, beggers.

Proco, a woer, pl. proci, woers.

Mage, a wizard, pl. magi, wizards.

Salvatico, a wild man, pl. salvatici, wild men.

Amico, a friend, pl. amici, friends, and some few others. 

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These following words of the masculine gender, have a double plural, the latter whereof seems to be of the feminine, and are now most in use, with the best Ita-lians.

Anello, a ring. pl. li anelli, or le anella, rings.

Braccio, an arm, pl. li bracci, or le braccia, arms. 

Bricciolo, a crum, pl. li briccioli, or le bricciola, crums.

Calcagno, a heel, pl. li calcagni, or le calcagna,heels.   

Castello, a caftle, pl. li castelli, or le castella, castles.   

Carro, a chariot, pl. li carri, or le carra, chariots.   

Centenaio, a hundred, pl. li centenai, or le centenaia, hundreds. 

Cerchio, a hoop, pl. li cerchi or le cerchia, hoops. 

Cervello, brains, pl. li cervelli, or le cervella, brains.

Chiostro, a cloyster, pl. li chiostri, or le chiostra. 

Ciglio, a brow, pl. li cigli, or le ciglia, brows. 

Coltello, a knife, pl. li coltelli, or le coltella, knives. 

Corbello, a basket, pl. li corbelli, or le corbella, baskets.

Corno, a horn, pl. li corni, or le corna, horns. 

Dito, a finger, pl. li diti, or le dita, fingers. 

Fato, a fate, pl. li fati, or le fata, the fates.

Fico, a fig, pl. li fichi, or le fica, figs.

Filo, a thred, pl. li fili, or le fila, threds.

Fondamento, a foundation, pl. li fondamenti, or le fondamenta, foundations.

Fossa ditch, pl. li fossi, or le fossa, ditches.

Frutto, a fruit, pl. li frutti, or le frutta, fruits.

Ginocchio, a knee, pl. li ginocchi, or le ginocchia, knees.

Granello, a grain, pl. li granelli, or le granella, grains. 

Grido, a shout, pl. li gridi, or le grida, shouts. 

Guscio, a shell, pl. li gusci, or le guscia, shels. 

Interiore, an intral, pl. gli interiori, or le interiora, in-trals.

Labbro, a lip, pl. li labbri, or le labbra, lips.

Legno, a stick, or billet, pl. i legni, or le ligna, sticks, billets.

Lenzuolo, a sheet, pl, i lenzuoli, or le lenzuola, sheets. 

Membro, a limb, pl. i membri, or le membra, limbs.

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Miglio, a mile, pl. i migli, or le miglia, miles.

Migliaio, a thousand, pl. i migliai, or le migliaia, thou-sands.

Moggio, a bushel, pl. i moggi, or le moggia, bushels.

Molino, a mill, pl. i molini, or le molina, milles. 

Muro, a wall, pl. i muri, or le mura, walls. 

Orecchio, an ear, pl. gli orecchi, or le orecchia, ears. 

Osso, a bone, gli ossi, or le ossa, bones. 

Paio, a couple, pl. i pai or le paia, couples.

Paro, a couple, pl. i pari or le para, couples.

Peccato, a sin, gli peccati, or le peccata, sins.

Pugno, a fist, pl. i pugni, or le pugna, fists.

Quadrello, an arrow, pl. i quadrelli, or le quadrella, ar-rows.

Rastello, a rake, pl. i rastelli, or le rastella, rakes.

Riso, a laughter, pl. i risi, or le risa, laughters.

Sacco, a bag, pl. i sacchi, or le sacca, bags.

Staio, a bushel, pl. i stai or le staia, bushels.

Staro, a bushel, pl. i stari, or le stara, bushels.

Strido, a crying out, pl. i stridi, or le strida, cryings out.

Telaro, a loom, pl. i telari, or le telara, looms.

Telaio, a loom, pl. i telai or le telaia, looms.

Tetto, a roof, pl. i tetti or le tetta, roofs.

Tuorlo, a yelk, pl. i tuorli or le tuorla, yelks. 

Vaso, a vessel, pl. i vasi, or le vasa, vessels. 

Vestiggio, a footstep, pl. i vestiggi, or le vestiggia, foot-steps.

Vestimento, a garment, pl. i vestimenti, or le vestimenta, garments.

Uovo, an egg, pl. gli uovi, or le uova, eggs. 

Observe that feminines are made of masculines, by turn-ing o. into a, as ,amico,a he-friend, amica, a she-friend, bello, fair, masculine, bella, fair, feminine. And generally nouns ending in a, are feminines., except some few, as Duca, a Duke, Podesta, a magistrate, boia, an executioner, &c.

All nouns ending in anza, enza, trice and one, are of the feminine gender, as abondanza, plenty, patienza, patience, ballatrice, a woman dancer, except poltrone, 

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a coward, salone, a great Hall, boccone, a morsel. 

All nouns ending in o, and ore, are of the masculine gen-der, as amico, a friend, il latore, the bearer, except mano, a hand.

These following nouns are seldom used, but in the plural.

Gl’amplessi, embraces.

Le Carezze, dalliances, or caresses.

Le forbici, sheers.

Le nozze, nuptials.

Le faccoltà, riches.

Le ricchezze, riches.

Merci, wares.

The scale how to make nouns signifie more or less, better or worse, in their several significations.

Otto, Nouns ending in otto, declare the thing to be hand-somely big, indifferently likely, as capello, a hat; capellotto, a pretty big hat.

One, Nouns ending in one, declare the thing something exceeding proportion, yet not ugly or despicable, as capello, a hat; capellone, a good big hat.

Accio, Nouns ending in accio, declare the thing not only to exceed proportion, but contemptible withall, as capello, a hat; capellaccio, an ugly great hat.

Etto, Nouns ending in etto declare the smallness and prettiness of the thing, as capello, a hat; capelletto, a pretty little bat.

Ino, Nouns ending in ino declare the thing yet smaller and prettier, as capello, a hat; capellino, a very pretty little hat.

Uccio; or Uzzo. Nouns ending in uccio or uzzo, declare the thing to be of the least and absolutely despicable, and contemptible, as capello, a hat; capelluccio, or capelluzzo, a little sorry ill-favoured hat.

And so in a thousand other examples, which is a very great liberty of the Language.

Now as hath been said of a masculine Noun, the like may be of a feminine making of it to end in a, as cavalla, a mare; cavallotta, cavallona, cavallaccia, cavalletta, cavallina, cavalluccia, or cavalluzza. 

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Most of the nick names are made to run upon this termi-nation, as by way of detraction, as Minicuccio, from Domi-nico, a mans name so called; Minicuccia, from Domini-cuccia, a womans name so called; Carlo, Charles; Carluccio, little Charles; Anna, Anne, Annuccia, little Nan; though some run otherwise, as Checco for Francesco, as Frank for Francis, Checca for Francesca, Frank for Frances, Mas for Tomaso, Tom for Thomas; as Mas Aniello, for Tomaso Aniel-lo, a name sufficiently noted in Naples.

Observe, that if the noun that you would diminish end in no, na, or re, ra, by making the same end in ello, if mascu-line, in ella, if feminine, you express a kind of prettiness of the same; as asino, an ass, asinello, a little pretty ass; asina, a she ass; asinella, a pretty she ass.

Pastore, a shepherd; pastorello, a little shepherd; pastora, a shepherdess; pastorella a little pretty shepherdess.

Some diminutives are also made to end in uolo, uola, uolino, uolina; as pezzo, a piece, or while of time; pezzuolo little piece, or while of time; pezzuolino, a very little piece, or small while of time; also pezza, a piece, clout, or handker-chief; pezzuolina, a very small piece, &c. Also Chiesa, a Church; Chiesuola, a little Church; Chiesuolina, a very little Church, or Chappel.

Some also end in essa, as Dottore a Doctor; Dottoressa, a she-Doctor; Medichessa, a she-Physician, from Medico, a Physician.

Observe, that Nouns ending in ne, by taking away the last vowel, and adding cello to it, you express the smallness and prettiness of the same; as limone, a lemon; limoncello, a small lemon. The like if you add, cino, to it, as limoncino, a small lemon. If the noun end in na, then cast the (a) and put cina to it, and you express the smallness and prettiness of it; as corona, a crown; coroncina, a pretty little crown. 

Observe that if you make a feminine noun to end in one, you express the bigness of it, and in a good fence; as bel salone, a fair great Hall, from sala, a Hall; che bel piazzone, what a fair great place? from piazza, a place.

Observe, that sometimes a diminutive is used after the augmentative, as homacciuolo a little sorry man; donnacciuola, a little sorry woman; and this is used in an ill sense: 

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yet homacciotto, a well-set man, is used indifferently. Also, two diminutives are sometimes put together, to express the greater diminution or prettiness of the thing; camerettina, a little little closet, or chamber; sonettino, a little small sonnet, or ditty.

Observe, that such as end in o, or rather in ro, com-monly make their diminutive to end in etto, as bianco, white, bianchetto, whitish; chiaro, clear chiaretto, clearish, or pretty clear duro, hard, duretto, hardish or pretty hard.

Observe, that nouns ending in esco, or esca, are much like the words ending in ish in English donnesco, womanish: fanciullesco, childish.

Observe, that by putting ggiare, or zare, to any noun, signifying person, office, beast, or any creature, you ex-press the quality, nature, action or condition of that thing, person or creature: as pavone, a Peacock: pavoneggiare, to play the Peacock: Pasqua, Easter: Pasqueggiare, to keep Easter: Volpe, a Fox, Volpeggiare, to play the Fox, Pavo-nezzare, pasquezzare, volpezzare, are the same, but not so frequent in that termination.

Observe, that verbs that are made to end in acchiare, are meant in an ill sense, and by way of disparagement: vi-vacchiare, to live hardly, to rub out: sonnacchiare, to slumber, to be drowsy out of laziness; scrivacchiare, to scribble; pacchiare, to feed like a hog. But this caution must be had, that in imitation of these observations one be bold, but not too bold, for the ear and custom must be conductors herein, or else it is possible to mistake, as custom says, homicino, or homicciuolo, for a little man, not hometto: donniciuola, rather than donnetta, a little woman, though donnina is much in use: terricciuola, a little town, rather than terrina, or terretta: vecchierello, a little old man, rather than vecchietto, or vecchino: muricciuolo, a little wall, rather than muretto: fettarella, a little slice, rather than fettina, or fettetta: tortorella, a turtle dove, rather than tortorina: arditello, a little bold-face: frasca-rello, a wag, rather than arditino, or fraschetto: testicciuola, a little head of any beast: but testina, for a little head of any person, or little head in cuts or ingravures. Good atten-tion must master this difficulty.

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Observe, that words ending in ame, the kind or extream quantity is expressed thereby, as bestiame, all manner of cattel: pollame, all manner of poultry: uccellame, all man-ner of birds: legname, all manner of timber: rottame, all manner of rubbish: offame, all manner of bones: carname, all manner of flesh, or any carcase.

Of the degree of comparison.

Buono, good.

Megliore, better.

Ottimo, best.

Buonissimo, best.

Bene, well.

Meglio, better.

Benissimo, most excellent well.

Ottimamente, most excellent well.

Cativo, bad.

Peggiore, worse.

Pessimo, worst of all.

Malissimo, worst of all.

Male, ill.

Peggio, worse.

Pessimamente, most ill, or in the worst manner that may be.

Grande, great.

Maggiore, greater.

Più grande, greater.

Grandissimo, most great.

Massimo, most great.

Grandemente, greatly.

Maggiormente, the rather, or more especially.

Massimamente, most especially.

Piccolo, little.

Minore, lesser.

Più piccolo, lesser.

Piccolissmo, least, most little.

Minimo, least, most little.

Superiore, above, superiour.

Inferiore, beneath, inferiour.

Supremo, highest.

Infimo, lowest.

Poco, little.

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Meno, less.

Manco, less.

Pochissimo, the fewest of, or extream little.

Alto, high.

Più alto, more high.

Altissimo, most high, highest.

Sommo, most high, highest.

Molto, much, or very.

Più, more.

Moltissimo, exceeding much, very much, if plur. ex-ceeding many.

Observe, that the general way of comparing is by più, or meno, more or less, as più dotto, more learned; men dotto, less learned; and that either di, del, che, or che non follows; as Egli è più avventurato di me, He is more fortu-nate than I.

Egli è più accorto del compagno, He is more wary than his fellow-partner.

Egli parla più che nessuno, He speaks more than any body. 

Hanno più guai che non credono, They have more sorrows than they believe.

The like if you put meno instead of più, as Egli è men av-venturato di me, He is less fortunate than I, &c. The same of meglio and peggio, better and worse; as Egli scrive peg-gio di nessuno, He writes worse than any body, Parla meg-lio di tutti, He speaks better than them all.

In certe cose riesce meglio del solito, In some things he comes off better than usual; In certe altre peggio, In some others worse.

La prattica fà meglio che la teorica semplice, The practice is better than meer theory.

Gl' Inglesi parlano meglio la lingua Italiana che non fanno i Francesi, The English speak better the Italian Language than the Frenchmen: Ma pronontiano poi la lingua Latina peggio che non fanno loro, But then they pronounce the La-tin tongue worse than they do.

Observe, that by putting

Molto, You express the same which in English, far, or much.

Assai, You express the same which in English, far, or much.

Vià, You express the same which in English, far, or much.

Viè, You express the same which in English, far, or much.

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Molto più ricco, Far more rich.

Assai più letterato, Much more learned.

Vie, via più spedita, much more ready, nimble. And then di, del, che, or che non, may follow, as occasion serves. Indeed vie or via are not so frequently used as assai and molto.

The superlative, or highest degree, is exprest as fol-loweth.

Put il or la to più or meno, as

Il più dotto di tutti, The learnedst of all.

Il men ricco, The least rich of all.

La più bella di tutte, The handsomest of all.

La men bella, The ill favouredst of all, or the least hand-some.

Again, put to words denoting quality, issimo, or issima, and you express the superlative.

Buono, good; buonissimo, best, or most good; masc. Buona, good; buonissima, best, or most good, fem.

Utile, profitable; utilissimo, most profitable. 

Dotto, learned; dottissimo, moft learned. 

Again, double words together, and according to the signification of the word you may express the superlative of the same; as

Quale volete dire di quelle Signore, quella bella bella? Which do you mean of those Ladies, the who is so extream hand-some? Che ha li denti bianchi bianchi: Who hath such infi-nite white teeth; E li capegli biondi biondi, and infinite fair hair.

Also, by quello, quella, quelli, quelli, &c. and maggiore or mi-nore, according as the sense imports, you express a superla-tive; Tornate con quella maggior prestezza che potete, Come with the greatest speed you can.

Also, ogni and maggiore imply all possible, as con Ogni mag-gior diligenza, With all possible diligence.

Observe, that by putting il, lo, or la, to any superlative in issimo or issima, and you make as it were yet a further de-gree; as by super-excellency it is said of God Almighty, L'Altissimo, the highest.

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Obferve, that by changing the last letter of the word end-ing in issimo into amente, you express an excess in quality; as sicurissimo, most sure: sicurissimamente, most assured-ly: perfettissimo, most perfect: perfettissimamente, most perfectly.

The Pronouns.

I.

Pronouns personal with their conjunctive pronouns.

 

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II.

The reciprocal Pronown.

Di se, of ones self.

A se, or si, to ones self.

Se, or si, ones self.

Da se, from ones self.

Stesso, masc. sing. self-same.

Medesimo, masc. sing. self-same.

Stessa, fem. sing. self-same.

Medesima, fem. sing. self-same.

Stessi, masc. plur. self-same.

Medesimi, masc. plur. self-same.

Stesse, fem. plur. self-same.

Medesime, fem. plur. self-same.

Ella, or lei, is used instead of Vossignoria, your Worship, or Lordship, or Ladyship.

 

But then Signorie is commonly put with loro, as Le Sig-norie loro m'hauranno per iscusato, Your Lordfhips or Ladyships shall excuse me; or also thus is usual in discourse. 

Lor' altri Signori, Ye my Lords and Gentlemen. 

Lor' altre Signore, Ye my Ladies and Gentlewomen. 

Di Loro, your Lordship's or Ladyship's. See the Trea-tise of addressing of Letters.

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III.

Pronowns possessive.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Singular. mascular. Il nostro, our, &c.

Plural. I, or li, nostri, our, &c.

Singular. mascular. Il vostro, your.

Plural. I, or li vostri, your.

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The feminines are made by changing (o) into (a) as no-stro, nostra, vostre, vostra, Sing. nostre, vostre, plur. as hath been shewn of la mia, la tua, le mie, le tue; as la mia casa, my house; le mie case, my houses.

1. Observe, that if mio, tuo, suo, mia, tua, sua, end not a period, that they are pronounced as it were in one sound, as e mio pensiero, It is my fancy or invention; e pensier mio, It is my care and duty, &c. The like in Dio, God; Dio voglia, God grant; Volesse Dio, Would to God.

2. That il mio, il tuo, il suo, il nostro, il vostro, il loro, be-ing put without addition, signifies, my wealth or estate, thine, his, ours, yours, theirs; possedo il mio, I enjoy my own; and Egli possede il suo, He enjoys his own.

3. Pronowns possessive must ever have the Article, espe-cially beginning a sentence; la mia casa, not mia casa, my house; il mio cavallo, not mio cavallo, my horse.

4. Observe, that i nostri, i vostri, i miei, i suoi, is meant nearest friends, kinred, or domesticks, viz. dwelling in the fame houshold.

5. Observe, that speaking to, or of more, wheater men, or women, loro is indifferent to either; as,

Il loro ben stare, your welfare.

Del loro ben stare, of your welfare.

Al loro ben stare, to your welfare.

Dal loro ben stare, from your welfare.

 

 

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And properly lo, del, al, dal, belongs not to altrui, but to the word following; as l'altrui potere, anothers power, that is, il potere di altri, or di alcun altro, the power of others, or of any other.

 

Observe, Di altrui, of another, or others.

Ad altrui, to another, or to anothers.

Da altrui, from another, or from anothers, 

is indifferent either for gender or number; as, La robba altrui, anothers wealth; Le robbe altrui, anothers goods.

The like of Di cui, whose, or of whom.

A cui, to whose, or to whom.

Da cui from whose, or from whom.

Observe this elegancy, that di cui comes elegantly be-tween the Article and the nown throughout, and in each number; 

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Il di cui honore, Whose honour; Le di cui ri-chezze, Whose riches. As may also be said of lui and lei; Il di lui sapere, la di lei bellezza, his knowledge, her beauty.

IV.

Pronouns Demonstrative.

Singular. Quello, he, or that, &c.

Plural. Quelli, they, or those, &c.

Singular. Quella, she, or that.

Plural. Quelle, they, or those.

Quello and quella, being applied to things as well as persons.

Singular. Questo, this man, or thing, &c.

Plural. Questi, these men, or things, &c.

Singular. Questa, this woman, or thing, &c.

Plural. Queste, these women, or things, &c.

Questo and questa, indifferently applyed to things or persons.

 

Colui and colei, applyed only to persons, and also in a kind of flighting way, as pointing at such a person.

 

Observe, that costui, colui, costei, colei, sometimes have no Article of their own, but what belongs to the word follow-ing, as hath been said of altrui, Il costui amore, This man's love, that is, L'amore di questo, The love of this man. But this Phrase is not civil, nor is it very frequent.

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Costui and costei are used only to persons, and in a more flighting manner than colui or colei.

 

Cotestui and cotestei, used as costui and costei.

 

Cotesto cotesta used as questo, questa.

Cotesti, questi, quegli, are oft used in a singular meaning; as Cotesti ancor vive, He yet lives; Cotesti è quel tal Capitano del qual vi hò parlato, This is the Captain of which I have spoken to you of; Quegli è forastiere pur anch' egli, He is a stranger also.

Quegli and questi are used in a singular signification, when two things are required, quelli relating to the first, quelli or quegli, to the latter: Giovanni & Andrea son iti in Cam-pagna, John and Andrew are gone into the Country: Quelli or quegli a cavallo, questi a piedi, The former on horseback, the latter on foot. The like of quella and questa, speaking in a feminine signification; L'invidia e l' emulatione sono qualità molto differenti, quella è vitio questa virtù, Envy and emulation are two different qualities, the former is a vice, the latter a virtue.

Ciò stands for quello, that; questo, this; as, Non fate ciò, Do not that; Ciò mi dà martello, This troubles me, or that troubles me.

Observe, that quello and quella, with the particle (in) before either, signifies as much as in the interim, or then when; as, Lo schermitore in quello che riceve la botta, fà la risposta, The fencer in that interim that he receives the blow or thrust, returns it, or strikes or thrusts again. Il Castellano in quella, che vidde entrar gl' inimici, rimase confuso, The Captain in the interim, or when he saw the enemies enter in, remained astonished.

Observe, that il, del, al, dal, is never joyned to questo or quello, nor la, della, alla, dalla, to questa or quella.

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V.

Pronowns Relative.

 

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Tale with (a) signifies, to that pass; as E ridotto a tale, He is brought to that pass.

Tale, many an one, or some one; as, Tale ti baccia la mano che te la vorebbe mozza, Many an one, or some one kisses thy hand, who doth with it off.

Tale, this body, or that body, when it is put with quale, Non si lascia gabbare nè da tale nè da quale, He suffers not him-self to be abused by this body or that body.

Masculin.

 

Feminin.

 

Observe, that esso is elegantly placed with con, and noi, voi, loro, lei, as Con esso noi, Along with us; Con esso voi, Along with you; Con esso loro, Along with them; Con esso lei, Along with her; also, Con esso meco, teco, seco, Together with me, thee, him, &c.

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Both these being indifferent either for number or gender.

 

VI.

Pronouns indefinit.

 

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and so hath been exemplified already; only this is interrogatively, as speaking of two or more; Quale volete dire, which do you mean.

 

 

Altri, is oft put in the singular, as singnifying any one, any body; Nissuno ci và se altri non vuole, None goes there unless one will.

Altri repeated, singnifies some, or others; Altri piangono, altri ridono, Some weep, some laugh, or others weep, others laugh.

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Chi signifies one, or any body, or a body; Non si può, chi non volesse contravenire al precetto, It cannot be, unless one, or a body, would oppose the command.

Chi, if repeated, signifies some; as, Chi si scorruccia, Some are angry; Chi si gode, Some are pleased; and is ever of the singular number, whereas altri doubled is of the plural.

Chi, who, and che, what, Non sò chi egli si sia, I know not who he is: Nè che egli si saccia, Nor what he is doing.

 

Observe, that nothing must be added to these words, as it were absurd to say, Qualcun or qualchedun huomo, Qualcuna or qualcheduna donna, Qualcun cavallo, or Qualcuna cosa.

Sing, masc. Alcuno, some one man.

Sing. fem. Alcuna, some one woman. Also they may be applyed to things as well as persons.

 

 

Ogn’uno, every body, will have no addition: therefore beware of saying, Ogn’un huomo, Every man; Ogn’un ca-vallo, Every horse.

 

Ogni, every, indifferent to person or thing, masculine, or feminine, and is ever in the singular number, except before numbers; as, Ogni sei mesi, Every six months, or Ogni santi, All Saints, the Feast so called.

Ogni maggiore, and ogni qualunque, is as much as to say, all possible, or all manner of: Venite con ogni maggior prestezza, Come with all possible diligence: Lo farò con ogni qualunque stromento, I'le do it with all, or any manner of instru-ment.

Egli venne dal giuoco di palla-corda tutto quanto sudato, He came from the Tennis-court all over in a sweat.

Quanti signifies as many as; Gli fermorono quanti erano, They staid them, or stopt them, as many as there were of them.

Quanto alone, without addition, signifies, As much as; Dimandate quanto fà di bisogno. Ask as much as is need-full.

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Alquanto, somewhat: without addition: Stà alquanto meglio, He is somewhat better.

Alquanto, some, or a part of any thing: Alquanto di pane, a part or piece of bread.

Quale, sometimes expresses a way of similitude; as Egli qual philosopho arguto disputa, He disputes like a cunning Philosopher.

E le baccio le mani, qual servitore humilissimo, And I kiss your hands in the nature of your most humble servant.

Masc. Veruno, No one, or any one.

Fem. Veruna, No one, or any one, may be applied ei-ther to persons or things: Nissun cavaglier più garbato, No Gentleman more compleat: Nissuna dama più leggiadra, No Lady more accomplished: Non c’è veruna cosa che stii bene così, There is not any thing that is as it should be yonder.

Nul’o, as in English null, of no effect: Il suo Testamen-to fù nullo, His Will and Testament was null, of no effect.

Observe, that non joyned to nulla or niente, denies the more: Non voglio niente, I will have nothing at all: Non hò gustato niente a modo mio, I have tasted nothing at all to my liking.

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VII.

Pronowns Conjunctive or particles so called.

If either of these come before any words, they are writ-ten apart; if after, they are incorporated in the same word, the example will clear it: Ci scrive, he writes un-to us: Scriveci, &c.

Observe, that if one command by way of forbiddance, then the particle precedes: as, Non vi accostate più a questa casa, per quanto vi è cara la vita, Come no more near this house, as you tender your life, not Non accoftatevi, &c. But if one invite or pray, then the particle is put after, and incorporated as aforesaid, Accostatevi al fuoco, Draw near to the fire: il signifying him, is put before words, not after: Il viddi, I saw him, not viddi il.

Observe, that when a word that is usually marked with an accent hath any of the aforesaid particles added unto it, or incorporated with it instead of expressing the ac-cent, the letter of the particle is doubled, and the accent omitted: Lo farò, I will or shall do it; farollo: mi amò, he loved me, amommi.

Observe, that when these particles are coupled toge-ther, they change i into e, whether they come before the

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word, or after: cogliersela, to steal away secretly, or slink, not cogliersila: se la colse, he stole away, not si la colse.

Avvedutosene, being aware of it, not avvedutosine; se n' avvidde, he was aware of it, not si n'avvidde. The examples are infinite of this nature.

Of Verbs.

All our verbs in Imitation of the Latins are ranged in four squadrons by them named Conjugations.

1. Those of the first squadron in the infinitive end in are, with the accent on the last vowel but one, as amáre, to love, portáre, to carry.

2. Those of the second squadron in the infinitive end in ere, with the accent over the last (e) saving one, as havére, to have, godére, to enjoy.

3. Those of the third squadron in the infinitive end in ere, with the accent over the last vowel saving two, as cór-rere, to run, léggere, to read.

4. Those of the fourth squadron in the infinitive end in ire, with the accent over the last vowel saving one, as dormíre, to sleep, and so forth.

Of these verbs most are reducible to certain orders and are tearmed Regular, those which vary or are defective are tearmed Irregular.

All verbs are either Active, Transitive, Passive, Reci-procal, Personal or Impersonal, which are immediately known to such as have insight into the Latin tongue; others may be pleased to learn them by rote, who have not that advantage of the Latin tongue.

Now because some tenses of all verbs are conjugated either with the participle and help of the auxiliar verb, havere, or else with the participle and auxiliar verb, esse-re, Note that Active and transitive verbs, that is to say, that pass into

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the subject treated meant or spoken of, use the help of the auxiliar verb havere, saying, Io hò veduti e letti molti libri. I have seen and read many books: e ci hò truovate moltis-sime cose curiose.And have found therein very many curious things.

Passive or Reciprocal verbs, that is to say, that return into themselves, with these particles, mi, ti, si, ci, vi. Which answer unto, Io, tù, lui, noi, loro, use ever the help of the Auxiliar verb essere, saying, Io mi sono ralle-grato del vostro ben stare. I have rejoyc't at your welfare, e voi vi sete doluto del mio, and you have griev'd at mine, noi ci siamo accostati a lui, e voi vi sete vergognati di farlo. We drew near unto him, and ye were ashamed to do it. Po-tere, to be able, and volere, to be willing, may in a manner come in as auxiliar verbs, in as much as they are great helps to conjugate most verbs.

 

 

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The Scheam of the Auxiliar Verbs, Havére and Essere, may be as followeth.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The Scheam of Auxiliar Verbs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The Scheam of Auxiliar Verbs.

 

 

 

 

 

Subjunct. future. Quando

 

Infinitive present Tense. Havere, To have.

 

 

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The Scheam of Auxiliar Verbs.

 

 

 

 

 

Quandò

 

Essere, To be.

 

Essendo, being.

Stato, i, been.

a, e.

Si è: Essi, There is.

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Observe that where the terminations miss in the fourth rank, they are included in the second, and where they miss in the third and second, they are included in the fifth.

The first Conjugation, Amare, To love.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The Scheam of Regular Verbs.

 

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The first Conjugation, Amare, To love.

 

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The first Conjugation, Amare,

To love.

 

 

 

 

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The English of the third and fourth Conjugation is not exprest forasmuch as it is easie to be made by the example of the two first.

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Observations about the USE of the TENSES.

1. In the three last conjugations in the third persons singular and plural of the preterimperfect tense of the In-dicative mood, the v may be omitted; saying Godea. for Godiva, Perdea, for Pardeva, Sentea, for Sentiva, Godeano, for Godevano, Perdeano, for Perdevano, Sentiano, for Sen-tivano; and in all the Conjugations this tense is used when one would express the continuing of any action, not the compleatness of the same as the very word Imperfect intimateth; as Io Cantava, I was singing, Godeva, I was enjoying, Perdeva, I was loosing, Sentiva, I was hearing: most Strangers mistake this Tense for the Single Preterper-fect Tense.

2. The single preterperfect tense of the same mood is used when we mean to express a certain time past, but never the same day the action is done; and besides gene-rally there is an adverb of time pretixt: as Hieri scrissi let-tere per Livorno, Yesterday I wrote letters for Legorn; not hieri hò scritto lettere, l’anno santo egli fù in Roma, the holy year he was at Room, not s.

3 .The compound preterperfect tense, is made of the present tense of one of the two auxiliar verbs, hò, I have, sono, I am, and the participle of some other verb; as Io hò portato, I have carried, son rimasto, I have stayed, we use this tense when we intend to use any time past, but ever within the compass of the same day, or else without setting any time, meaning it to have been done a long time ago; as Hoggi hò scritto a Napoli. To day I have written to Naples. Not Hoggi scrissi a Napoli. Il mio pa-rente è morto in Italia, My kinsman died in Italy, not morì in Italia.

The preterpluperfect tenses we use when we mean to express a time past long ago, and most commonly the se-cond confind with poiché, after that, Quando, when, guari, long, al ora, then; as pioche hebbe havuto Adamo il precetto da Dio, After that Adam had the command from God, etc.

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4. The future tense is the easiest of any; for that the termination of all verbs runs alike without exception, as thus: rò, rai, rà, remo, rete, ranno, implying, shall or will, let the verb signifie what it will.

5. The present tense of the subjunctive or optative moods is all one, saving as far as the signs make a differ-rence, o che, o that, che that, etc. o che Io canti, o that I may sing, è tempo che Io canti, Its time that I sing, or were a singing; the first being the optative, the other the subjunctive, etc.

6. To the first preterimperfect tense of the subjunctive mood we generally affix some sign, or conditional mark, as se egli havesse il modo si farebbe valere, if he had means he would set himself forth; the sign is also tacitly under-stood in the fame sense, faying havesse egli il modo, etc. had he means.

7. The second preterimperfect tense hath never any conditional sign preposed unto it, but usually followeth the first preterimperfect tense of the same mood, as appear-eth in the fore-alledged example, se egli havesse it modo si farebbe valere, not se egli havesse il modo si facesse valere. The placing of the same is not material, for we may as well say, si farebbe valere se egli havesse il modo, again parlerei spesso se havessi ben la pronontia, I would or should speak often if I had the pronountiation right, not parlassi spesso se havrei la pronontia, etc. And note that the termination of this tense is regular in all verbs whatsoever, and implies would, should, or could, let the verb signifie what it will, as rei, resti, rebbe, or ria, remmo, or ressimo, reste, rebbero, rebbono, or riano.

8. Note that the preterpluperfect tenses of the subjun-ctive mood have a particular affinity one with another, and seem to play and gingle, as se non fosse venuto il medico, il poverraccio sarebbe morto. If the Physitian had not come the poor retch had died. The same may be exprest ele-gantly by a shorter cut; namely, putting both the tenses into the preterimperfect tense of the Indicative mood, and the conditional participle (se) to it, se non veniva il medico, il poverraccio moriva, being the same in signification with the former, se non fosse venuto, etc.

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9. The future tense of the subjunctive or optative moods is usual with Quando, but at pleasure, Quando is elegantly supplied with che, after the participle, as, quando Io havrò sentito, when I shall have heard, sentito che havrò, quando Io havrò pranzato, when I shall have dined, pranzato che havrò.

10. The infinitive mood present tense elegantly expres-seth the present of the Indicative, Ecco venire il Sigr: Cavag-lier Paolo, Behold, or see, Sir Paul cometh; and narra-tively as Historians do, the infinitive signifies the present tense, sometimes the preterimperfect tense and preterper-fect tense of the Indicative mood, especially upon the heads or contents of Chapters: I Signori Cardinali vestirsi ô di Roffo ô di Pavonazzo secondo che porta la giornata; The Car-dinals clothe either in Red or Purple as the day beareth.

11. The future of the infinitive confines much with the future in (rus) in latin.

 

12. The gerund is not frequent, but is circumscribed with a preposition and the infinitive, nel morire, dying, or morendo.

13. The participle in the first and fourth conjugations is regular, ending the first in (ato) the fourth in (ito) (some only excepted) the other of the second and third are so ambiguous, that set rules cannot be gathered as may com-pleatly satisfie without implication or confusion; as from rimanere, to remain, rimasto, remained; from scrivere, to write, scritto, written.

I mean ordinarily; but by strict Grammarians, rules may be had, that may in some sort satisfie one: such I refer to Grammers that interpret by the latin.

14. The preterperfect tense of the infinitive mood is of-ten used elegantly, by putting the article il or lo to it, and reduc't into a substantive, so as that the whole phrase is substantively; l'haver imparato le scienze rende men rozzi li costumi; to have learned, or the learning of Arts sweetens behaviour; alluding to the Latin: Didicisse fideliter artes, mollit motes, net finit esse feros.

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The

Manner of Forming

VERBS,

Useful for

GAMMARIANS.

1. THE present tense of the indicative mood, is form-ed of the infinitive, by changing the three last letters into (o); as, cantare, to sing, canto, I sing. 

2. The preterimperfect tense is formed from the infi-nitive, also by changing the two last letters into va; as cantare, to sing, cantava, I did sing, or was singing.

3. The single preter perfect tense is formed also of the infinitive, by changing in the first conjugation are into ai: in the second, ere into ei: in the third, the two last syllables into si, or ssi: in the fourth, ire into ii: as can-tare, to sing, cantai, I sang; godere, to enjoy, godei, I enjoyed: perdere, to loose: persi, I loft; scrivere, to write: scrissi, I wrote: sentire, to hear, sentii, I heard, etc.

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4. The future is also formed of the infinitive, by chang-ing re into rò as cantare, to sing; cantarò, I shall or will sing; godere, to enjoy; goderò, shall or will enjoy; per-dere, to loose; perderò, I shall or will loose; sentire, to hear; sentirò, I shall or will hear. Observe by the way, that in the first conjugation in the future of the indicative and second preterperfect tense of the subjunctive mood (a) is elegantly turned into (e) saying, canterò, I shall sing; rather than cantarò; canterei, I should sing, rather than cantarei.

5. The imperative is formed of the first person of the present tense of the indicative, by changing (o) into (a) in the first conjugation; as, canto, I sing; canta, sing thou: but in the other three, the imperative is the same with the se-cond person of the present tense; as, godi, enjoy thou; scrivi, write thou; senti, hear thou. The third person of the imperative in the first conjugation, is the fame with the second person of the present tenfe of the indicative mood of the fame conjugation; as canti, thou singest, canti, sing he: in the other three conjugations, the third person is formed from the first person of the present tense of the indicative mood, by changing (o) into (a) as godo, I enjoy, goda, enjoy he, perdo, I loose, perda, loose he, sento, I hear, senta, hear he. And in the third person plural of the first conjugation, ano is turned into ino; as cantano, they sing, cantino, sing they in the other three conjugations, ono is turned into ano, godono, they enjoy, godano, enjoy they; perdono, they loose, perdano, loose they, sentono, they hear, sentano, hear they.

6. The present of the subjunctive or optative mood, is the same with the third person singular of the imperative, in the several conjugations, only the signs being added: as ô che Io canti, O that I sing, or God grant I sing; ô che Io goda, O that I enjoy, or God grant I enjoy; ô che Io scriva, God grant I write; ô che Io senta, God grant I hear: and so throughout the tense to the lasr person.

7. The first preterimperfect tense of the subjuncive mood is formed of the second person singular of the single or uncompounded preterperfect tense of the indicative mood, changing st into ssi: as cantasti, thou sangst, can-tassi, should I sing, or if I sang; godesti, thou enjoyedst,

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godessi, should I enjoy, or if I enjoyed; perdesti, thou loosedst, perdessi, should I loose, or if I did loose; sentisti, thou heardst, sentissi, should I hear, or if I should hear.

8. The second preterimperfect tense of the subjunctive mood is formed of the future of the indicative, by changing rò into rei, or ria, in all the four Conjugations: canterò, I shall sing, canterei, or canteria, I should sing; goderò, I shall enjoy, goderei, or Goderia, I should enjoy; perderò, I shall loose, perderei, or perderia, I should loose; sentirò, I shall hear, sentirei, or sentiria, I should hear.

9. The gerund, or also the active participle, as one may call it, is formed of the infinitive present, by chang-ing in the first three Conjugations, re into ndo, or nte: as, cantare, to sing, cantando, cantante, sjnging; godere, to enjoy, godendo, godente, enjoying: perdere, to loose, per-dendo, perdente, loosing: but in the fourth Conjugation, by changing re into endo or ente, and casting away the (i); as sentire, to hear, sentendo, not sentiendo, hearing: though in the participle the (i) may be kept, saying, sentiente, not sentente.

10. The passive participle is also formed of the present of the infinitive, by changing re into to: cantare, to sing, cantato, sung; sentire, to hear, sentito, heard. The rule is not general, only in the first and fourth Conjugations; in the second and third, the participle varies very much; therefore look in the irregulars of those conjugations, some being to form the verbs from the present of the indica-tive, as being more after the Latines: But this way by practice, seems to be the easier, for as much as the infini-tives in Dictionaries, are more obvious to a strangers eye, than the first person of the indicative: but all is one upon the matter.

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A Series of such Verbs as usually trouble those most, who understand the Latin Tongue best, in regard the signification being one and the same, they are notwithstanding of different Conjugations; as,

 

The Irregular Verbs of the First Conjugation are fower.

Andare, to go, Dare, to give.

Fare, to do, or make, Stare, to stand, or be.

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They are irregular but in some tenses: namely in the pre-sent tense of the indicative mood, the first preterperfect tense of the same mood; the present tense of the Impera-tive, of the optative or subjunctive moods; and the first preterimperfect tense of the optative or subjuncive moods.

 

In the verb andare, the tense following is Regular.

 

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In the Verb andare, this following tense is Regular.

 

The Irregulars of the second Conjugation, are usually fifteen in number, and chiefly irregular in the moods and tenses following.

I.

Dolere, to grieve or complain.

 

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II.

Dovere, To owe.

 

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III.

Parere, to seem.

 

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IV.

Potere, to be able.

 

V.

Tenere, to hold.

 

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VI.

Volere, to will.

 

VII.

Sapere, to know.

 

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VIII.

Solere, to be wont.

 

IX.

Capere, to hold or contain, or to be held or contained.

 

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X.

Giacere, to lye down.

 

XI.

Tacere, to be silent, or to hold ones peace.

 

XII.

Piacere, to please.

 

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XIII.

Rimanere, to remain.

 

XIV.

Valere, to be worth.

 

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XV.

Sedere, to sit.

 

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Observe, that where the numbers do not follow, but skip, there they are regular, and follow the infinitive mood.

The Irregulars of the third Conjugation, chiefly vary in the Infinitive mood, in the present of the Indicative, in the second preterimperfect tenses of the optative and fubjun-ctive moods, being sincopated and cut short in many of them; they vary also in the single preter perfect tense of the Indicative, and in the Participle.

The other tenses may be framed by the examples of the second conjugation, as having coherency one with another in their terminations; for between the second and third conjugation there is little or no difference, but in the accenting of the infinitive mood.

This following table is necessary to be perused, contain-ing the Infinitive mood in the first place; in the second place, the first person of the present tense of the Indica-tive mood, in the third place, the first person of the single preterperfect tense of the Indicative mood; in the fourth place, the Participle: the present of the subjunctive mood may easily be framed of the present of the Indicative, changing (o) into (a) as, ardo, arda, etc.

1 Ardere to burn, 2 ardo I burn, 3 arsi I burnt, 4 arso burnt. 

1 Accorgere to perceive, 2 accorgo I perceive, 3 accorsi I per-ceived, 4 accorto perceived.

1 Accrescere to augment, 2 accresco I augment, 3 accrebbi I augmented, 4 accresciuto augmented.

1 Accendere to kindle, 2 accendo I kindle, 3 accesi I kindled, 4 acceso kindled.

1 Accogliere to gather, 2 Accolgo I gather, 3 Accolsi I gathe-red, 4 accolto gather'd.

1 Afliggere to afflict, 2 affliggo I afflict, 3 afflisi I afflicted, 4 aflitto afflicted.

1 Ammettere to admit, 2 ammetto I admit, 3 ammessi I admit-ted, 4 ammesso admitted.

1 Appendere to hang up, 2 appendo I hang up, 3 appesi I hung’d, 4 appeso hung up.

I Ascondere to hide, 2 ascondo I hide, 3 ascosi I hid, 4 ascosi hidden.

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1 Ascendere to ascend, 2 ascendo I ascend, 3 ascesi I ascended, 4 asceso ascended.

1 Assumere to assume, 2 assumo I assume, 3 assunsi I assumed, 4 assunto assumed.

1 Astringere to bind, 2 astringo I bind, 3 astrinsi I bound, 4 astretto bound.

1 Assolvere to absolve, 2 assolvo I absolve, 3 assolsi I absolved, 4 assolto absolved.

1 Attendere to mind, 2 attendo I mind, 3 attesi I minded, 4 atteso minded.

1 Avvincere to bind, 2 avvinco I bind, 3 avvinsi I bound, 4 avvinto bound.

1 Battere to beat, 2 batto I beat, 3 battei & battetti I did beat, 4 battuto beaten.

1 Bevere to drink, 2 bevo I drink, 3 bevei or bebbi, I drank, 4 bevuto drunk.

1 Cedere to yield, 2 cedo I yield, 3 cedei, or cedetti I yielded, 4 ceduto yielded.

1 Chiedere to ask, 2 chiedo I ask, 3 chiesi I asked, 4 chiesto, asked.

1 Chiudere to shut, 2 chiudo I shut up, 3 chiusi I did shut up, 4 chiuso shut up.

1 Cingere to gird, 2 cingo, or cigno I gird, 3 cinsi I girded, 4 cinto girded.

1 Cogliere, or corre to gather, 2 colgo, or coglio I gather,3 colsi I gathered, 4 colto gathered.

1 Concedere to grant, 2 conecedo I grant, 3 concessi I granted, 4 concesso granted, or conceduto.

1 Conchiudere to conclude, as chiudere.

1 Conducere, or condurre, to conduct, as ducere.

1 Cognoscere to know, 2 Conosco I know, 3 conobbi I knew, 4 consciuto known.

1 Costringere to constrain, as stringere.

1 Confondere to confound, 2 confondo I confound, 3 confusi I confounded, 4 confuso confounded.

1 Contendere to contest, as tendere.

1 Convertere to convert, 2 converto I convert, 3 conversi I converted, 4 converso converted.

1 Correre to run, 2 corro I run, 3 corsi I ran, 4 corso ran. 

1 Crescere to grow, 2 cresco I grow, 3 crebbi I grew, 4 cres-ciuto, grown.

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1 Crocifiggere to crucifie, as figgere.

1 Cuocere to cook, 2 cuoco I cook, 3 cossi I cook'd, 4 cotto cook'd.

I Distruggere to destroy, as struggere. 

I Diffendere to defend, as fendere. 

1 Diffondere to diffuse, as fondere.

1 Dicidere to decide, 2 dicido I decide, 3 dicisi I decided, 4 diciso decided.

1 Disponere, or disporre to dispofe, as ponere, porre.

I Dividere to divide, 2 divido I divide, 3 divisi I divided, diviso divided.

1 Ducere or durre to lead, 2 duco I lead, 3 dussi I did lead, 4 dutto led.

1 Eleggere to elect, 2 eleggo I elect, 3 elessi I elected, 4 eletto elected.

1 Ergere to erect, 2 ergo I erect, 3 ersi I ereced, 4 erto erected.

1 Escludere to exclude, 2 escludo I exclude, 3 esclusi I ex-cluded, 4 escluso excluded.

1 Esprimere to express, 2 esprimo I express, 3 espressi I ex-preft, 4 espresso exprest.

1 Estinguere to extinguish, 2 estinguo I extinguish, 3 estinsi I extinguisht, 4 estinto extinguished.

1 Fendere to cleave, 2 fendo I cleave, 3 fesi I clove, 4 feso cleft or cloven.

1 Figgere to fasten, 2 figgo I fasten, 3 fissi I fastened, 4 fisso or fitto fastened.

1 Fingere to feign, 2 fingo I feign, 3 finsi I feigned, 4 finto feigned.

1 Frangere to break, 2 frango I break, 3 fransi I brake,4 fran-to broke.

1 Fremere to fret, 2 fremo I fret, 3 fremei I fretted, 4 fremuto fretted.

1 Gemere to groan, 2 gemo I groan, 3 gemei groaned, 4 ge-muto groaned.

1 Giugnere or giungere to arrive, 2 giungo or giugno I arrive, 3 giunsi I arrived, 4 giunto arrived.

1 Imprimere to imprint, as esprimere.

1 Immergere to drown, 2 immergo I drown, 3 immersi I drowned, immerso drowned.

1 Inducere to induct, as ducere.

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1 Intendere to understand, as tendere.

1 Intridere to bruise, 2 intrido I bruise, 3 intrisi I bruised,. 4 intriso bruised.

1 Involgere to involve, as volgere.

1 Leggere to read, 2 leggo I read, 3 lessi 1 did read, 4 letto read.

1 Mettere to put, 2 metto I put, 3 misi I did put, 4 messo put.

1 Mescere to mingle, 2 mescio I mingle, 3 mescei I mingled 4 mesciuto mingled.

1 Mietere to reap, 2 mieto I reap, 3 mietei I reapt, 4 mietuto reapt.

1 Mordere to bite, 2 mordo I bite, 3, mordei or morsi I bit, 4 morso or morduto bitten.

1 Mongere to milk, 2 mongo I milk, 3 monsi I milkt, 4 monto milkt.

1 Muovere to move, 2 muovo I move, 3 mossi I moved, 4 mos-so moved.

1 Nascere to grow, or be born, 2 nasco I grow, 3 nacqui I grew, 4 nato grown or born.

1 Nascondere to hide, 2 nascondo I hide, 3 nascosi I hid, nas-coso, nascosto hidden.

1 Nuocere to hurt, 2 nuoco I hurt, 3 nocqui I did hurt, 4 no-ciuto hurt.

1 Offendere to offend, as fendere.

1 Opprimere to oppress, as premere.

1 Pascere to feed, 2 pasco I feed, 3 pascei I fed, 4 pasciuto fed.

1 Pendere to hang, 2 pendo, I hang, 3 pesi I hung, 4 peso hung.

1 Percuotere to strike, 2 percuoto I strike, 3 percossi I strook, 4 percosso strucken.

1 Perdere to lose, 2 perdo I lose, 3 perdei or persi I loft, 4 per-so or perduto lost.

1 Piangere or piagnere to weep, 2 piango or piango I weep, 3 piansi I wept, 4 pianto wept.

1 Pingere or pignere to paint, 2 pingo or pigno I paint, 3 pinsi I painted, 4 pinto painted.

1 Piovere to pour down or rain, 2 piovo I pour down, etc. 3 piobbi I poured down, etc. 4 piovuto poured, etc.

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1 Ponere or porre to put, 2 pongo or pogno I put, 3 posi I did put, 4 posto put.

1 Porgere to offer, 2 porgo I offer, 3 porsi I offered, 4 porto offered.

1 Premere to press, 2 premo I press, 3 pressi or premei I prest, 4 presso or premuto prest.

I Prendere so take, 2 prendo I take, 3 presi I took, 4 preso took.

1 Presumere to presume, 2 presumo I presume, 3 presonsi I presumed, 4 presonto presumed.

I Promettere to promise, as mettere.

1 Proteggere to protect, 2 proteggo I protect, 3 protessi I pro-tected, 4 protetto protected.

1 Radere to shave, 2 rado I shave, 3 rasi I shaved, raso shaved.

1 Reggere to govern, 2 reggo I govern, 3 ressi I governed, 4 retto governed.

1 Rendere to render, 2 rendo I render, 3 resi I rendred, 4 reso rendred.

1 Ridere to laugh, 2 rido I laugh, 3 risi I laught, 4 riso laught.

1 Riflettere to reflect, 2 rifletto I reflect, 3 riflessi I reflected, 4 riflesso reflected.

1 Rilucere to shine, 2 riluco I shine, 3 rilussi I did shine, 4 ri-lutto shined.

1 Ricevere to receive, 2 ricevo I receive, 3 ricevei I receiv-ed, 4 ricevuto & ricetto received.

1 Rispondere to answer, 2 rispondo I answer, 3 risposi I answer-red, 4 risposto answered.

1 Rissolvere to resolve, 2 rissolvo I resolve, 3 rissolsi I resolv-ed, 4 rissoluto resolved.

1 Risorgere to rise again, as sorgere.

1 Risplendere to shine, as splendere.

1 Rompere to break, 2 rompo I break, 3 ruppi I brake, 4 rotto broken.

1 Ritraere or ritrarre to withdraw, as trahere.

I Rivolgere to overturn, as volgere.

1 Scendere to go down, 2 scendo I go down, 3 scesi I went down, 4 sceso gone down.

1 Sciegliere or scierre to choose, 2 scielgo or scieglio I chuse, 3 scelsi I chose, 4 scelto chosen.

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1 Sciogliere, sciorre to loosen, 2 sciolgo, scioglio I loosen, 3 sciolsi I loosened, sciolto loose.

1 Scorgere to discover, 2 scorgo I discover, 3 scorsi I disco-vered, 4 scorto discovered.

1 Scrivere to write, 2 scrivo I write, 3 scrissi I wrote, 4 scritto written.

1 Scuotere to shake, 2 scuoto I shake, 3 scossi I shook, 4 scosso shooken.

1 Soccorrere to succour, as correre.

1 Sommergere to drown, 2 sommergo I drown, 3 sommersi I drowned, 4 sommerso drowned.

I Sorgere to rise, 2 sorgo I rise, 3 sorsi I rose, 4 sorto risen. 

1 Spargere to sprinkle, 2 spargo I sprinkle, 3 sparsi I sprink-led, 4 sparso sprinkled.

1 Spandere to spill, 2 spando I spill, 3 spansi I spilt, 4 spanso spilt.

1 Spendere to spend, 2 spendo I spend, 3 spesi I spent, 4 speso spent.

1 Spegnere to quench, 2 spengo or spegno I quench, 3 spensi I quencht, 4 spento quencht.

1 Splendere to glitter, 2 splendo I glitter, 3 splendei I glittred, 4 splenduto glittered.

1 Spignere or spingere to shove, 2 spingo or spigno I shove, 3 spinsi I did shove, 4 spinto shoved.

1 Stendere to stretch, 2 stendo I strech, 3 stesi I stretcht, 4 steso stretcht.

1 Stringere or strignere to grasp, 2 stringo or strigno I grasp, 3 strinsi graspt, 4 stretto grasped.

1 Struggere to waste, 2 strugge waste, 3 strussi I wasted, strutto wasted.

1 Succedere to succed, 2 succedo I succed, 3 successi I suc-ceeded, successo succeeded.

1 Svellere to pluck, 2 svello I pluck, 3 svelsi I pluckt, 4 svelto pluckt.

1 Tendere to lay, 2 tendo I lay, 3 tesi I laid, 4 teso laid.

1 Tessere to weave, 2 tesso I weave, 3 tessi I wove, 4 tessuto woven.

1 Tingere to dye, 2 tingo I dye, 3 tinsi I died, 4 tinto died.

1 Togliere or torre to take away, 2 tolgo or toglio I take away, 3 tolsi I took away, 4 tolto taken away.

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1 Trahere or trarre to draw, 2 traggo I draw, 3 trassi I drew, 4 tratto drawn.

1 Torcere to twist, 2 torco I twist, 3 torsi I twisted, 4 torto twisted.

1 Uccidere to kill, 2 uccido I kill, 3 uccisi I kill'd, 4 ucciso kill'd.

1 Vendere to sell, 2 vendo I sell, 3 vendei or vendetti I sold, 4 venduto sold.

1 Volgere to turn, 2 volgo I turn, 3 volsi I turned, 4 volto turned.

1 Vivere to live, 2 vivo I live, 3 vissi I lived, 4 vissuto or visso lived.

1 Ungere or ugnere to anoint, 2 ungo or ugno I anoint, 3 unsi I anointed, 4 unto anointed.

The single preterperfect tense is the main thing to be look’t after, and it may be conjugated thus:

 

The Irregulars of the fourth Conjugation.

The chiefest Irregular Verbs of the fourth conjugation are,

Aprire to open, coprire to cover, dire to say, gire to go, in-struire to instruct, morire to dye, offrire to offer, salire to go up, soffrire to suffer, udire to hear, venire to come, uscire to go out: which vary only in the present tense of the indica-tive, and first preterperfect tense of the same mood, and in the present tense of the optative and subjunctive moods, and in the participles: as,

I.

 

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II.

 

III.

 

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IV.

In the verb gire, the present is not in use.

 

The present of the optative and subjunctive moods is also out of use.

 

V.

 

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VI.

 

VII.

 

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VIII.

 

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IX.

X.

 

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XII.

 

Note that the vulgar says apriamo for aprimo, copriamo for coprimo, etc. in the first person plural of the present of the indicative mood.

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Besides the aforesaid verbs, there are some of the said conjugations, which are irregular, in that they make use of the syllable (sco) in four persons of the present tenses of the Indicative, Imperative, Optative, and Sub-junctive moods: that is to say, the three persons sin-gular, and the third plural; whosoever can conjugate one, may easily conjugate the rest, all other tenses be-ing regular.

 

Riuscire, to prove, or come off in any thing, is conjuga-ted as uscire.

And so much of the Irregulars if the four several Conjugations.

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Note, that there are some Moods and Tenses that some Verbs of all the four Conjugations are frequently contracted in

Bere to drink, from Bevere.

Correre to gather, from Cogliere.

Durre, to lead, from Ducere, and so all the derivatives and compounds of the same.

Porre to put, from Ponere, and so all the derivatives and compounds of the same.

Scierre to chuse, from Sciegliere.

Sciorre to loosen, from Sciogliere.

Torre to take away, from Togliere, and so any deriva-tive or compound of the same.

Trarre to draw, from trahere, and so any derivative or compound of the same.

Berrò I shall or will drink.

Corrò I shall or will gather.

Durrò I shall or will lead.

Porrò I shall or will put.

Scierrò I shall or will chuse.

Sciorrò I shall or will loosen.

Torrò I shall or will take.

Trarrò I shall or will draw.

 

Berrei I should or would drink.

Correi I should or would gather.

Durrei I should or would lead.

Porrei I should or would put.

Scierrei I should or would chuse.

Sciorrei I should or would loosen.

Torrei I should or would take.

Trarrei I should or would draw.

These following are also contracted in the future of the Indicative, and the second preterimperfect tense of the Optative and Subjunctive moods.

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Andrò for anderò I shall or will go.

Dorrò for dolerò I shall or will grieve.

Dovrò for doverò I shall or will owe.

Havrò for haverò I shall or will have.

Morrò for morirò I shall or will dye.

Potrò for poterò I shall or will be able.

Rimarrò for rimanerò I shall or will remain.

Saprò for saperò I shall or will know.

Terrò for tenerò I shall or will hold.

Varrò for valerò I shall or will be worth.

Vedrò for vederò I shall or will see.

Vorrò for volerò I shall or will be willing.

Verrò for venire I shall or will come.

 

Andrei for anderei I should or would go.

Dorrei for dolorei I should or would grieve.

Dovrei for doverei I should or would owe.

Havrei for haverei I should or would have.

Morrei for morirei I should or would dye.

Potrei for poterei I should or would be able.

Rimarrei for rimanerei I should or would remain.

Saprei for saperei I should or would know.

Terrei for tenerei I should or would hold.

Varrei for valerei I should or would be worth.

Vedrei for vederei I should or would see.

Vorrei for volerei I should or would be willing.

Verrei for venerei I should or would come.

Observe that the contracts are generally more in use than when written at length.

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Of the Verb passive.

In all Verbs it is made by putting the Verb sono before any passive particle: as for example,

 

And so of all the rest of the Tenses: and if feminine, amata or amate.

Only in the third person singular and plural by putting si before or after, the passivation is exprest; as si ama, amasi, or it is loved; si amano, amansi, they, or those things are loved, and so quite through the Verb, si being ever writ-ten apart, if coming before; if after, incorporated, and the vowel lost, as appears by amansi and amanosi.

Note, that si never comes before Infinitives, Gerunds Participles, as appears in this example, unless non or nè come immediately before si, as non or nè si potendo far di meno, it not being possible to do other-wise.

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Verbs Neuters conjugated by the auxiliar Verb Havere, to Have,

Io hò camminato I have walked.

Io hò dovuto I have owed.

Io hò dormito I have slept.

Io hò nocciuto I have hurt.

Io hò seduto I have sate.

Io hò potuto I have been able.

Io hò voluto I have been willing, not son caminato, son dovuto.

 

 

Verbs Neuters conjugated by the Verb Essere, To be.

Io sono entrato I have come in, or am come in.

Io son’uscito I am gone out, or have gone out.

Io son nato I am born.

Io son restate I have forborn.

Io son rinato, Idem.

Io sono ritornato I am returned.

Io son volato I have flown, not hò entrato, etc.

These Verbs are very frequent in discourse, and there-fore good heed ought to be taken that they be not misapplied.

/BEGIN PAGE 90/

The Verb reciprocal how conjugated.

Io mi dico I say my self.

Tu ti dici thou sayest thy self.

Egli si dice he sayeth himself.

Noi ci diciamo we say our selves.

Essi si dicono they say themselves.

And so throughout all along, Io mi dicevo I said my self, tu ti dicevi thou sayedst thy self, etc.

Others are reciprocal with particles, relating to persons or things, or both.

Io mi fido di I trust in –

Tu ti fidi di thou trustest in –

Egli si fida di he trusteth in –

Noi ci fidiamo di we trust in –

Voi vi fidate di ye trust in –

Essi si fidano di they trust in –

 

Io me ne rido I laugh at it.

Tu te ne ridi thou laughest at it.

Egli se ne ride he laughs at it.

Noi ce ne ridiamo we laugh at it.

Voi ve ne ridete ye laugh at it.

Essi se ne ridono they laugh at it.

Verbs impersonals absolutely without any Particles.

Piove it raineth.

Tuona it thunders.

Nevica it snoweth.

Diluvia it pours down amain.

Tempesta it storms or hails.

Balena it lightens.

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The following verbs are used impersonally, viz.

Tocca it concerns.

Cale it’s ones care.

Duole it grieves.

Rincresce its irksome.

Conviene its fitting.

Lice its lawful.

Deve one ought.

Può it is possible.

Puole it may be.

Dice it becomes.

Disdice it misbecomes.

Confà it suits.

Appartiene it belongs.

Ricerca it requires.

But especially with some of these Participles, mi, si, li, vi, ci, ti, as for example,

Mi tocca it concerns me, or comes to my share.

Mi toccava it did concern me.

Mi è toccato it hath concerned me.

Mi toccò it concerned me.

Mi era toccato it had concerned me.

Mi fù toccato idem.

Mi toccherà i twill concern me.

Mi tocchi let it concern me.

Che mi tocchi may it concern me.

Che mi toccasse would it concerned me.

Mi toccasse should it concern me.

Mi toccherebbe it would concern me.

O che mi sia toccato pray God it hath concerned me.

O che mi fosse toccato would God it had concerned me.

Mi sarebbe toccato it would have concerned me.

Quando mi sarà toccato when it shall have concerned me.

Toccarmi to concern me.

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Havermi a toccare to be about to concern me.

Toccandomi it concerning me.

Toccatomi it having concerned me.

Essermi toccato to have concerned me.

Essendomi toccato it having concerned me.

Essendo per toccarmi it being about to concern me.

And so of the rest.

The Verb essere is oft put impersonally with the Particle ci or vi, signifying as much as there in English.

I.

Ci è, ecci, there is, is there? or it is there.

Ci sono, sonci, there are, are there? or they are there.

II.

Ci era, there was, was there?

Ci erano or eranci, there were, or were there.

And so putting (vi) in the like manner, vi è, evvi, vi era, eravi, etc. and in the infinitive, essere or esservi, there to be; essendoci or essendovi, there being, or being there.

Note, that in the Conjugations I have used the pro-nouns Io, Tu, Egli, quitethorow, on purpose to use the Learner to know the Persons, not that they are always necessary in discourse or writing, practice will make this clear.

And so much for the Verbs.

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The Contract Participles of the first Conjugati-on, which are most frequent both in writing and discourse.

Accetto for accettato, acceptable or accepted. 

Avvezzo for avvezzato, accustomed. 

Acconcio for acconciato, fit or fitted.

Adorno for adornato, trimmed.

Asciutto for asciuttato, drained, dried. 

Calpesto for calpestato, trampled. 

Carico for caricato, loaded. 

Casso for cassato, cashiered.

Cerco for cercato, fought. 

Comincio for cominciato, begun. 

Concavo for concavato, hollow. 

Consesso for consessato, consest. 

Contento for contentato, contented. 

Conto for contato, counted. 

Culto for cultivato, manured. 

Desto for destato, awaked. 

Dimestico for dimesticato, tamed.  

Domo for domato, idem.

Fermo for fermato, stopt.  

Franco for francato, freed.  

Guasto for guastato, spoiled. 

Gonfio for gonfiato, swelled or puft. 

Inchino stooped unto, for inchinato. 

Infetto for infettato, infected. 

Involto for involtato, wrapt.

Lacero for lacerato, torn.

Logro for lograto, worn.

Lasso for lassato, wearied.

Lesso for lessato, boiled.

Macero for macerato, bruised.

Manifesto for manifestato, manifested.

Mozzo for mozzato, cropt.

Mostro for mostrato, shown.

Netto for nettato, cleansed.

 Oso for osato, dared.

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Prattico for pratticato, verst. 

Pesto for pestato, bruised. 

Privo for privato, deprived. 

Pago for pagato, satisfied.  

Raso for rasato, shaved. 

Ritorno for ritornato returned.

Racconto for raccontato, recited. 

Ritocco for ritoccato, toucht over again. 

Resto for restato, remained. 

Raccheto for racchetato, stilled or quieted. 

Rizzo for rizzato, got up. 

Sacro for sacrato, devoted. 

Sciutto for sciuttato, dried. 

Scemo for scemato, lessened.

Secco for seccato, dried. 

Sconcio for sconciato, disordered. 

Sgombro for sgombrato, freed. 

Stanco for stancato, wearied. 

Stracco for straccato, idem.  

Sicuro for sicurato, secured.  

Tocco for toccato, toucht. 

Trito for tritato, minced or hacked. 

Tronco for troncato, cut off. 

Volto for voltato, turned.

Vuoto for vuotato, emptied. 

Urto for urtato, justled. 

Uso for usato, used.

 

 

1.  Of Adverbs of Affirming.

Sì, yes.

Signor sì, yes Sir.

Sì Signor, idem.

Signora sì, yes Madam.

Sì Signora, idem.

Madonna sì, yes Gammer or Goody, etc.

Certamente, truly.

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Sì del certo, yes truly.

Certamente poi, directly now.

Apponto, just now, the last thing I did.

Veramente, truly.

In vero, in truth.

Come volse la sorte, as luck would have it.

In verità, in truth.

Da vero, in good earnest.

Affatto, absolutely, altogether.

Così, so.

Per mia disgratia, to my woe.

2. Of Augmenting.

Assai, much.

Più, more.

Di soverchio, overplus.

Davvanzo, to spare.

Maggiormente, so much the rather.

Oltre ogni credenza, beyond all belief.

Tanto maggiormente, so much the rather.

Massimamente, especially.

Abastanza, sufficiently.

Di gran longa, by far.

3. Of Calling.

Holà, ho.

Hai, idem.

Dabbasso, below.

Ad alto, above there.

O di casa? who’s at home here?

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4. Of Comparing.

Meglio di, better than.

Peggio di, worse than.

Il doppio, as much again.

Altre tanto, as much again.

Trè cotanti, thrice as much.

Massimo, especially.

Più del bisogno, more than need.

A rispetto di, or del in comparison of.

Più del solito, more than usual.

5. Of Chusing.

Anzi, nay, rather.

Più presto, sooner, or rather.

Più tosto, idem.

Meglio sarebbe, it were better.

Per buona sorte, by good hap.

6. Of Demonstrating.

Ecco, behold.

Eccolo, look here it is.

Lo vedi, dost see it?

Di si fatta maniera, in such a like manner.

Si fattamente, idem.

In guisa, in such a manner or fort.

7. Of Denying.

Nò, no.

Signor nò, no Sir.

Non Signore, idem.

Signora nò, no Madam.

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Madonna nò, no Gammer or Goody.

Maidisì, yes I warrant you.

Anzi che nò, I say rather not.

Manco, no, not so much as.

Per nulla, by no means.

Non già, no sure.

Non pure, not only.

Non che, not only, no not, much less.

Non mica, not in the least.

Non è mica vero, no such matter.

Non per certo, no indeed.

Per certo nò, idem.

Non mai Io nò, never not I.

Non monta niente, it’s not material at all.

8. Of Doubting.

Forsi, perhaps.

Per avventura, perchance.

Per fortuna, idem.

Caso che, put case that.

Posto che, idem.

Chi fà? who can tell.

Che che non è, before you can say, what is this.

Non saria gran cosa, not unlikely.

E facil cosa però, its likely though.

Già sia che, suppose that.

Potria ben esser, it might well be.

9. Of Exhorting.

Hor sù, come.

Via, away.

Animo, courage.

Sù allegramente, come couragiously.

Il Diavol è morto a Malomocco, the Divel is dead, etc.

Finiscila una volta, once have done.

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Deh per vita tua, I prethee now.

Dimmi di gratia, prithee tell me.

10. Of Excepting.

Eccetto, excepting.

Salvo che, saving that.

Fuorche, but that, excepting.

Da un in fuori, all but one.

Da due in poi, all but two.

Eccettuatine due, but, or except two.

Solamente, only.

Purche, so that.

Se non è, if it be not.

Da Dio in giù, from God downwards.

Da mio padre in là, all but my Father.

11. Of Forbidding.

Guarda, take heed, upon no terms.

Guarda la gamba, look to the main chance.

Stà in cervello, look about you.

Non vedi ciò che fai? dost not see what thou dost? what thou art about.

Hai gli occhi ne’ calcagni? where are thy eys, behind thee?

Non dir ste cose a me, tell not me these things.

Non fare, do not offer it.

Non voler, do not go about it.

Non mi toccar questa corda, harp not me upon this string.

A Dio non piaccia, marry God forbid.

Dio ve ne guardi, God defend you from it.

Troppo sarebbe, ‘twere too hard, too much.

12. Of Interrogation.

Chi va lì? who goes there? or, chì và là.

Chi è? who is there, who is’t?

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Donde vieni? whence comest?

Di dove sei? whence art thou?

Che vuol dire? what is the reason?

Donde sei tù? what place art of?

Perche? why?

Per qual cagione? for what cause?

Per fin dove? how far?

Quanto starai? how long wilt thou stay?

Per fin a quanto? how long time?

Quanti anni hà che? how many years is it since?

Chi viva? who are ye for?

Quant’hà? how long is it since?

U? where?

13. Of Lessening.

Meno, less.

Almeno, at least.

Almanco, idem.

Poco poco, very little.

Alquanto, somewhat.

Tantin tantino, never so little.

Quanto sarebbe un cece, about the bigness of a pea.

Ogni poco, never so little.

14. Of Number.

Una volta, one time, once.

Due volte, two times, twice.

Più volte, several times.

Quante volte? how many times.

Tante volte, so many times.

Ogni tal volta che, as often as that.

In quante volte, in how many times.

Intorno a tante volte, a matter of so many times.

Intorno a mille, a matter of a thousand.

Da cento, about a hundred.

Cento incirca, idem.

Ogni volta che, as often as that.

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Ancor una volta, once more.

Mille volte, a thousand times.

Tutti quanti, every one, every Mothers Son.

15. Of Order or Sequence.

Prima, first, in the first place.

Poi, next, then, afterwards.

Terzo, thirdly.

Quarto, fourthly: e và discorrendo, and so on.

Per la prima, in the first place.

Un di si, l’altro nò, every other day.

L’altro hieri, or hieri l’altro, the other day.

Alla per fine, at the last.

A vicenda, by turns.

Vicendevolmente, idem.

Ultimamente, lastly.

Poscia, afterwards.

Da poi, since.

A prima vista, at first sight.

Primieramente, as prima.

Quanto al primo, as to the first.

Doppo questo, after this.

Alla fila, a-row, or in rank.

Sossopra, topsie turvy, one with another.

Alla roverscia, wrong side outwards.

Oltre a ciò, moreover.

Del pari, equally.

Di due in due, two by two.

A un a uno, one by one.

A branchi, in troops.

A stuolo, in company.

A schiere, in ranks.

In frotte, in multitudes.

A poco a poco, by little and little, by degrees.

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16. Of Place.

Altrove, elsewhere.

D’altrove, from elsewhere.

Appresso, near.

Accanto, close by.

Allato, idem, or by your side.

Adietro, behind.

Attorno, about.

Ci, there.

Costi, there, or thither.

Costà, thither.

Di colà, from thence.

Di colà via, idem.

In quei contorni, in those quarters.

Dove, where.

Dovunque, wherever.

Dentro, within.

Dentro via, inwardly.

D’onde? whence?

Dietro, behind.

Di dietro, idem.

Indietro, backward.

Per dove? which way?

Davanti, before.

Fuori, without.

Di fuori, idem.

Di fuoravia, from abroad.

Giù, down.

In giù, downwards.

All’in giù, idem.

Ivi, there.

Indi, thence.

Intorno, about.

Là yonder.

In Ogni luogo, every where.

Lontano, a far off.

Per alcun luogo, in some place.

In alcun luogo, idem.

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In nissun luogo, no where, in no place.

Da qualunque luogo, from any place.

Per ogni lato, on every side.

Per la casa, about the house.

Di longi, from a far off.

A man manca, on the left hand.

A man dritta, on the right hand.

Onde, whence.

Ove, where.

Per tutto, every where.

Dove, idem.

Ovunque, wherever.

In publico, in publick.

Al paese, in his own Countrey.

Quì, here.

Quà, hither.

Di quà, this way.

Quinci, thence.

Quivi, there.

Quindi, thence.

Da qualunque luogo, from what place soever.

Infin a quà, towards this place.

Sin qui, hitherto, as far as hither.

Sù, above.

In sù, upwards.

Sopra, above, or upon.

Di sopra, idem.

Sotto, underneath.

Di sotto, idem.

Vi, there.

Alla volta di casa, homewards.

Verso casa, idem.

A casa, home.

Vicino, hard by.

17. Of Posture.

A roverscio, backwards.

A pie giontj, with feet close together.

/BEGIN PAGE 103/

A man gionte, with clasped hands.

Atentone, gropingly.

A carpone, grovingly.

Brancolone, crawlingly.

In ginocchione, on ones knees.

Boccone, with ones face downwards.

Supino, with ones face upwards.

Acavalcione, a stride over.

In sulla vita, bolt upright.

In sulla ponta de’piedi, a tip toes.

18. Of Quality.

Insieme, together.

Parimente, likewise.

Ambidue, both.

Al pari, equally.

Del pari, idem.

A schiere, in rows or ranks.

Scambievolmente, mutually.

Abel aggio, fair and softly.

Bel bello, idem.

Aposta, on purpose.

Bene, well.

Per burla, in jest.

Di buon cuore, heartily.

A caso, by chance.

Da dovero, in earnest.

Da per se, of ones self, of it self.

Fedelmente, faithfully.

Forsi, perhaps.

Fortemente, strongly.

Forte, aloud.

A gara, strivingly in competition.

In giro, in a round.

Male, ill.

Meritatamente, deservingly.

Ad ogni modo, however.

Ottimamente, most excellently.

Ornatamente, neatly.

/BEGIN PAGE 104/

Pessimamente, most basely.

Pian piano, very softly.

Con raggione, with reason.

Da senno, in earnest.

Da scherzo, in jest.

Alla sfuggita, cursorily.

A bello studio, for the very once.

Per sorte, by chance.

Smisuratamente, unmeasurably.

A torto, wrongfully.

Volentieri, willingfully.

Di buona voglia, idem.

Molto volentieri, very willingly.

Per poco, within a little, or a small matter.

Strettissimamente, most closely, or near.

Amorevolmente, kindly.

Consentientimente, by consent.

In prosa, in prose.

In rima, in verse or rime.

Alla ballorda, dizily.

Alla buona di Dio, in a downright way.

Alla grossolana, clownishly.

A più potere, with all might and main.

A mia posta, at my disposal.

In più modi, several ways.

In sulla grande, stately.

Alla spiccata, singly, a part.

A modo mio, as I lift.

Da par suo, like your self, or himself.

Alla cortegiana, Court-like, or Courtizan-like.

Spasimatamente, passionately.

Strabocchevolmente, precipitately.

19. Of Quantity.

Assai, much, or enough, or very.

Abastanza, sufficiently.

Cotanto, so much.

Davantaggio, more.

Di gran lunga, far more, more by far.

/BEGIN PAGE 105/

Molto, much.

Meno, less.

Manco, idem.

Fuor di modo, out of measure.

Poco, little.

Più, more.

Pochetto, very little.

Pochettino, very little as may be.

Pochissimo, idem.

Molto poco, very little.

Poco meno, little less.

Per lo più, for the most part.

Per la maggior parte, idem.

Pur assai, very much.

Tutto quanto, tutta quanta, all, every bit, all over.

Troppo, too much.

Tantino, a little thought, no bigger than this.

20. Of Similitude.

Come, as.

Sicome, even as.

Cio è, viz. that is.

Così, so.

A quel modo, thus, after that manner.

A questo modo, thus, after this manner.

A guise di, after the nature of.

Quale, even as.

Verbo gratia, for example.

Per essempio, idem.

 

21. Of Separation.

Separatamente, apart.

Da banda, aside.

In disparte, of one side, aside.

/BEGIN PAGE 106/

Partitamente, separately.

Per via di participio, sharingly.

Da canto, aside.

Dal canto mio, for my part.

22. Of Professing and Swearing.

Così mi guardi Iddio, so God help me.

Poter di – by the power of –

Può far Sant’Antonio, by Saint Anthony, or all he can do.

Affe, in good faith.

Da Christian battezzato, as I am a Christian.

Per questa carne battezzata, by this Christened flesh, in pointing to their hand.

Colpetto di bacco, before Bacchus.

Da servitor che le sono, as I am your servant.

Da povero Sacerdote, as I am a poor Priest.

Da Cavagliere, as I am a Gentleman.

Da quel che sono, as you take me.

A fè di Christiano, by the faith of a Christian.

Se Dio m’aiuti, so God help me.

In coscienza del anima mia, upon my conscience.

Sopra del anima mia, upon my soul.

Sopra l’anima mia, idem.

Per questi Santi Vangeli, by the Evangelists: Then cross is made either on a table, or ones breast.

Corpo di chi non vuò dir, by the body of – I was going to say something –

Corpo del Antichristo, by the body of Antichrist.

Tal fia di me, se – so may I thrive, if –

Sangue del inimico di Dio, Pox of the Devil.

23. Of Time.

Adesso, now.

Alhora, then.

Alhora alhora, newly newly, just now.

Ancora, again.

In un batter d’occhio, in the twinkling of an eye.

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In un baleno, idem.

Circa, about.

In un credo, in a trice, or as much time as one might say his Creed.

Dipoi, afterwards.

Da che, ever since that.

Frà tanto, in the mean time.

Alla per fine, at the last.

Fin che, until that.

Fin a tanto che, until such time that.

Di giorno, in the day time, also in the afternoon.

Già, formerly, or late, that is, dead.

Già, now.

Guari, any time.

Ogni giorno, every day.

Hoggi, to day.

Hoggi dì, this very day, now a days.

Hoggi giorno, idem.

Hieri, yesterday.

Hor hora, by and by.

Inanzi, before.

Per l’inanzi, formerly, also, hereafter.

Per l’avvenire, from hence forward.

Da mò inanzi, idem.

Per l’adrieto, or adrieto, idem.

Per tempo, betimes.

Incontinente, instantly, out of hand.

All’improviso, on the sudden.

Da un anno in là, a year before.

Mò, now.

Di meriggio, at noon day.

Di mezzo giorno, idem.

Stammane, this morning.

In capo all’anno, at the years end.

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In questo mentre, in this interim.

Di notte, in the night time.

Stà notte, this night.

Per adesso, for the present.

Posdimani, after to morrow.

Poi, then.

Poco fà, a little while ago.

Per lo passato, for the time past.

Da gran pezzo, not a long time.

Presso, near.

Il più delle volte, for the most part.

Un pezzo fa, a good while ago.

Più anni sono, may years ago.

Quei pochi anni c’è stato, not a few years hath he dwelt there, pointing to their hair.

Poscia, afterwards.

Quando, when.

Di quando in quando, from time to time.

Da molto in qua, not of late.

Da cent’anni in quà, not these hundred years, any time these hundred years.

Qualunque volta, at any time.

Ogni volta che, as often as.

Tutte le volte che, idem.

Quant’un Ave Maria, an Ave mary time or while.

Quant’un Miserere, a Miserere while. 

Quasi, almost.

A man a mano, idem.

Da qui ad un poco, within this little while.

Da qui ad una Settimana, a week hence.

Quando che fia, when ever it be.

In fin a quando? till when, how long?

Di rado, seldome.

Rarissime volte, very seldom.

Stà sera, this evening.

Sin a qui, hitherto.

Sempre, always.

Sempre mai, evermore.

Sovente, often.

Quanto tempo fa? how long is’t since?

/BEGIN PAGE 109/

Tardi, late.

Sin tanto che, till such time that.

Non è troppo, it is not very long since.

Poco tempo è, idem.

E gran tempo, it’s a long time since.

Talhora, sometimes.

Spesse volte, oftentimes.

Tal volta, sometimes.

Volta à volta, every foot, or ever and anon.

Ogni tratto, still ever.

Delle volte, at times.

Alle volte, idem.

Tantosto, suddenly.

Da ragazzo, of a lad, since I was a boy.

Tratto tratto, ever and anon.

24. Of Wishing.

Ben aggia, happiness attend you or him.

Buon prò, sanità & allegrezza, happiness, and joy at-tend you.

O Dio voglia che, God grant that –

O se Dio volesse che, would to God that –

Piacesse a Dio che, idem.

Piaccia a Dio che, pray God that –

Faccia Dio, Gods will be done.

Facesse Iddio, would to God –

Dio la ne guardi, God defend you from it.

Buon dì, e buono anno, God day.

Venga a buon porto, è salvamento, may he return safe.

25. Of Imprecation.

Mal prò, may it never thrive.

Mal aggia, goodier on him.

Và in bordello, away with a pox.

Che gli venga il mal di san Lazaro, mischied light on him.

Sulle forche, hang him.

/BEGIN PAGE 110/

Muoia, idem.

Crepi in tanta mal hora, let him suffer with a vengeance.

Che si rompa il collo, may he break his neck.

Morir postù, mayest thou dye.

Che gli possa cascar un occhio, may one of his eyes drop out of his head.

Venga la rabbia a quanti sono, pox take them all.

Senza prò, never to thrive.

 

 

Conjunctions.

1. Of Addition.

Oltre, besides.

Di più, moreover.

Quel che più è, what is more.

In oltre, over and above, or besides.

Tanto maggiormente, so much the rather.

2. Of Cause.

Che percio? what then?

Perche, because.

Perciochè, idem.

Perche nò, why not. 

Accioche, to the end that.

Per amor che, by reason that.

Però, therefore, or yet.

Il perche, the why, or wherefore.

Per il che, for the which.

Per la qual causa, for the which cause.

Poi, then.

Essendo che, seeing that.

/BEGIN PAGE 111/

3. Of Concluding.

Hora, now.

In somma, in conclusion.

Al fin de’ fini, when all is done.

Pur, at length, yet.

Conseguentemente, consequently.

Donque, then.

Adonque, so then.

A tal che, so that then, it should seem then that –

Per rispetto, by reason that.

 

4. Of Comparing.

Anche, also.

Anco, idem.

Ancora, idem.

Cio è, videlicet.

Di novo, afresh.

Di fresco, lately.

Tanto, so much.

Quanto, as.

E, e, both, and.

Sì, aswell.

Come, as.

Si come, even as.

Etiandio, also.

/BEGIN PAGE 112/

5. Of Condition

Con patto, upon condition.

Non ostante che, notwithstanding that.

Tuttavia, yet.

Ma, but.

Tuttavolta, however.

Come che, forasmuch as.

Tutto che, although that.

Ancor chè, idem.

Se bene, idem.

Al contrario degli altri, contrary to others.

Ma che, but so that.

Quant’ a mè, as for my part.

Altresì, as well, also.

Avenga che, albeit that.

Se non che, but that, etc.

Pur pure, yet, for all that.

Con questo però, but so that.

Quantunque, although.

Quando bene, although that.

Trà due, in a quandary, in doubt.

Non pure, not only.

Non solo, non solamente, non che, idem.

6. Of Continuation and Consequence.

Non per tanto, not for all that.

In modo, so that.

In maniera, idem.

/BEGIN PAGE 113/

In sì fatta maniera, in such a like manner.

Onde, whereupon.

Poscia che, seeing that.

Atteso che, idem.

Giache, since that.

Dato che, grant that.

Conciosiache, seeing that.

Concio sia cosa che, for as much as that.

Dapoiche, idem.

7. Of Disjoyning.

O, or.

O l’un l’altro, either the one or the other.

Overo, or else.

Nè, nor.

Nè l’uno nè l’altro, neither the one, nor the other.

Od, or.

O veramente, or else.

O ò, or either.

8. Of Chusing.

Anzi, rather.

Anzi che, rather than.

Avanti che, before that.

Prima che, idem.

Prima di – before, or ere that.

9. Of Excepting.

Fuorche, except.

Sì ma, I but.

Ma sì, idem.

/BEGIN PAGE 114/

Se non che, but that.

Se non, but.

Non fosse che, were it not that.

Eccettuato che, excepting that.

 

 

Prepositions.

With their Applications, the tacks signifying the sense to be imperfect, and that they may be ap-plied to any purpose one hath a mind to.

Accanto il or al – near to the –

Addosso al il or di – upon the –

A fronte al – opposite to the –

In faccia al – idem.

Allato a or al – close by, or to the –

Al incontro di or del – contrary to the –

Appiè de il or di – at the foot of –

Appetto al or a – in comparison of –

Appresso di or al – near unto the –

Circa di or a – about the – or as for the –

Con il, lo, li, gli, la, le – with the –

Contra or contro del – against the –

Di là di, del or dal – beyond the –

Dentro di, a or al – within the –

Davanti a or al – before the –

Dietro a or di – behind the –

Di rimpetto al or a – over against the, or a –

Doppo il or di – after the –

Frà il or la – ‘twixt the –

Fin al or a – until the –

Fuor del or di – out of the, or of a –

/BEGIN PAGE 115/

A guise del or di – after the nature of –

Giusto i – according to the –

Inanzi di or a – before the –

Incontro or Incontra al or del – over against the –

Infra il, lo, la, le, etc. – below the –

Infin or Infin al or a – as far as the – or until the –

In sù la – upon the – or in the –

Longo il – alongst the –

Lontano di or a – idem.

Oltra di or del – besides the –

Per il or la – through the –

Di quà del or di – of this side of –

Rasente il, etc. – close by the –

Secondo il, etc. – according to the –

Sopra il or del – upon the –

Su’l – idem.

Sotto il, etc. – under the –

Senza il, etc. – without the –

Tra il, etc. – ‘twixt the –

Verso il or di or del – towards the –

Vicino di or al – near unto the –

 

 

/BEGIN PAGE 116/

Prepositions.

Which are inseparable, or that signifie no-thing apart from the words to which they are prefixed.

Ante-porre, anteporre, to prefer.

Dis-porre, disporre, to dispose.

De-porre, deporre, to depose.

Es-porre, esporre, to expose.

Inter-porre, interpore, to interpose.

Mis-fatto, misfatto, a misdeed.

Pos-porre, porporre, to put in the last place.

Rac-corre, raccorre, to gather.

R-allentare, rallentare, to slacken.

Re-spirare, respirare, to breath.

Ri-prendere, riprendere, to check, or re-assume.

S-parare, sparare, to uncouple or make odd.

Stra-parlare, straparlare, to slander or backbite.

Tras-portare, trasportare, to transport.

Note, that di, a, da, which seem indefinite articles are Prepositions signifying motion from place to place.

/BEGIN PAGE 117/

Interjections.

Ah, ah, h, ha, ha, ha.

Ahimè, woes me.

Ahi, O lack.

Oh, oh, oh, ho, ho, ho.

Gnaffe, so, brave.

Bene affè, brave ifaith.

O questa sì che è bella, this is pritty indeed.

Cape, I marry.

Capperi, idem.

Caterina, idem.

Cazzo, cudso.

Cocuzze marine, yes I warrant you, Fiddlestick.

A baco, baco, peep ye.

Canchero, pox.

Per cortesia, I beseech you.

Di gratia, idem.

Oh Dio benedetto, O blessed God.

Non si può dir più in là, one can say no more.

Non si può dir più in là, one can say no more.

Non si può dir più inanzi, idem.

Che Diavol è mai questo, what a Devil can this be? what is the matter?

Che domine, what a Gods name?

Ha, che fai? ha, what art about?

Eh, how.

Fuor de’ piedi, out of the way.

Fui, fui, fie, fie.

Ha, ha, so, so.

Hoi, cudso.

Oh cosa brutta, O base.

Ihi, strange.

Huh Signor Iddio, Lord God.

Levati di quà, away hence.

/BEGIN PAGE 118/

Lasso me, woes me.

Madonna Santissima, blessed Lady.

Oibò, fie.

Oimè, O me.

Polito affè, brave ifaith, cleverly ifaith.

Horsù via a noi, away, mind me.

Puh, fie.

Sì eh? I, say you may so?

Buona notta Cola, good night Gaffer.

A questo modo ah si tratta? I, thus do you use me?

O può fare, so, if I come to you.

Bene stà, it’s well.

Levemiti dinanzi, out of my fight.

Creperai vè, mischief will befall thee.

Di che sorte, to some tune, to some purpose.

Viva, let him live, live he.

Via, away.

Ben bè, well, go to.

Zitto, whosht, not a word. Putting the fore-finger a cross ones mouth.

By these Interjections is exprest sorrow or joy, admira-tion or disdain, provocation or intreaty, as occasion serves.