Descriptive Italian grammar

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION, p. 1
0.0. Purpose and Scope
0.01. Descriptive Linguistics
0.1. The Italian Language
0.11. The Italian Dialects
0.12. Standard Italian
0.13. Characteristics
0.2. Analysis and Presentation
0.21. Descriptive Technique
0.22. Terminology and Typographical Conventions
0.3. Acknowledgments
PART I: SOUNDS, p. 7
CHAPTER I: PHONEMICS, p. 7
1.1. The Phonemes
1.11. Linear Phonemes
1.111. Vowels
1.112. Consonants
1.2. The Syllable
1.21. Occurrence of Vowels
1.211. Monophthongs
1.212. Diphthongs
1.213. Triphthongs
1.22. Occurrence of Consonants
1.221. Syllable-Initial
1.222. Syllable-Final
1.3. Phonemes of Stress
1.4. Juncture
1.41. Close Juncture
1.411. Phonemic Replacements
1.412. Allophonic Variations
1.42. Disjuncture
1.5. Pitch-Contours
1.51. Rising
1.52. Rising-Falling
1.53. Falling
1.54. Falling-Rising
1.55. Pitch-Displacement
1.56. Sequences of Pitch-Contours
1.6. Alternations of Phonemes
1.61. Vowel Alternations
1.611. Diphthongization
1.612. Apocopation
1.613. Elision
1.62. Consonant Alternations
1.621. Palatalization
1.622. Doubling of Consonants
1.623. Assimilation
1.624. Loss of Final Elements
1.625. Other Consonant Alternations
1.63. Recessive Stress
PART II: FORMS, p. 18
CHAPTER II: INFLECTION, p. 18
2.0. Categories of Inflection and Form-Classes
2.01. Categories of Inflection
2.02. Form-Classes
2.1. Substantives
2.11. Gender-Relation
2.111. Adjectives
2.112. Nouns
2.12. Number-Relation
2.121. Singular
2.122. Plural
2.123. Alternations in Roots
2.2. Pronouns
2.21. Personal Pronouns
2.22. Demonstrative Pronouns
2.23. Interrogative Pronouns
2.24. Relative Pronouns
2.25. Indefinite Pronouns
2.3. Verbs
2.31. Structure of Verb Forms
2.32. Root and Stems
2.321. Rhyzotonic and Arhyzotonic Forms
2.322. Thematic Vowels
2.323. Stem-Suffixes
2.324. Classification of Verbs
2.33. Relation of Stems to Root
2.331. Stem A
2.332. Stem B
2.333. Stem C
2.34. Tense-Signs
2.341. Present
2.342. Past
2.343. Timeless
2.344. Imperative
2.345. Non-Finite
2.35. Personal Endings
2.4. Indeclinables
2.41. Prepositions
2.42. Connectives
2.43. Adverbs, Conjunctions and Minor Clause Forms
CHAPTER III: DERIVATION, p. 39
3.0. Alternant Forms of Bases
3.01. Special Alternants of Non-Finite C
3.02. Other Bases
3.1. Affixation
3.11. Suffixation
3.111. Substantives
3.112. Adjectives
3.113. Numerals
3.114. Nouns
3.115. Pronouns
3.116. Verbs
3.117. Adverbs
3.118. Prepositions
3.12. Abbreviation
3.13. Prefixation
3.131. Endocentric
3.132. Exocentric
3.133. Endocentric and Exocentric
3.2. Composition
3.21. Endocentric Compounds
3.211. Substantives
3.212. Adjectives
3.213. Numerals
3.214. Nouns
3.215. Pronouns
3.216. Verbs
3.217. Adverbs
3.218. Prepositions
3.219. Conjunctions
3.22. Exocentric Compounds
3.221. Adjectives
3.222. Nouns
3.223. Pronouns
3.224. Verbs
3.225. Indeclinables.
PART III: UTTERANCES, p. 180
CHAPTER IV: PHRASE-STRUCTURE, p. 180
4.0. Phrases
4.02. Agreement
4.03. Universal Combination-Types
4.1. Endocentric Phrases
4.11. Substantival
4.111. Substantival (Head)
4.112. Substantival (Attribute)
4.113. Numeral
4.12. Pronominal
4.13. Verbal
4.131. The Perfect Phrase
4.132. The Verbal Core
4.133. Complements
4.14. Adverbial
4.15. Prepositional
4.16. Conjunctional
4.2. Exocentric Phrases
4.21. Preposition + Object
4.22. Substantival
4.23. Verbal
4.24. Relative Clauses.
CHAPTER V: CLAUSE-STRUCTURE, p. 204
5.0. Types of Clauses
5.1. Major Clauses
5.11. The Predicate
5.111. Negative Predicates
5.112. Sequence of Tenses
5.12. The Subject
5.121. Agreement of Subject and Predicate
5.122. Timeless Tense in Subject Clauses
5.13. Order of Elements
5.131. The Subject
5.132. Complements
5.133. Recapitulation of Complements
5.134. Intercalated Clauses
5.2. Minor Clauses
5.21. Infinitival
5.22. Vocative
5.23. Special Forms
APPENDICES, p. 209
CHAPTER VI: ITALIAN ORTHOGRAPHY, p. 209
6.1. Vowels
6.2. Consonants
6.3. Elision
6.4. Stress
6.5. Juncture
6.6. Pitch Contours
6.7. The Italian Alphabet
CHAPTER VII: SAMPLE VERB PARADIGMS AND IRREGULAR FORMS, p. 214
7.1. Paradigms
7.11. Regular Verbs
7.12. Auxiliary Verbs
7.2. Irregular Forms
CHAPTER VIII: THE TREATMENT OF LATIN LOAN-WORDS, p. 222
8.1. Phonological Adaptation
8.11. Stress
8.12. Vowels
8.13. Consonants
8.2. Inflection
8.21. Substantives
8.22. Verbs
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS, p. 224